A Dangerous Business Essay

The collaborative investigative report conducted by the New York Times and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation is an eye-opener on the real situation of thousands of employees working for giant industrial corporations. On the outside, it seems that American workforce is definitely more fortunate compared to those who take employment in developing countries. The general public is made to believe that every employee in the US is treated fairly and with respect. But with this documentary, the truth has been exposed. For several years, the McWane Corporation has been actively involved in contributing to the advancement of the US economy. However, this economic achievement comes with a price. Unfortunately, the collateral damage in this enterprise for monetary profit comes in the package of the human resources. Ironically, this particular organizational component is deemed to be the most important factor in the accomplishment of success in any company. A business would not function without its employees and vice versa. This natural and logical cycle has always been evident in the business world. However, in the case of McWane, their workers were treated as if they were indispensable. See more: Satirical essay about drugs As a result, plants owned by McWane holds the record for the highest number of violations regarding safety in the workplace. Looking closely on these intriguing and appalling facts about America’s workplace safety and the government’s efforts to reinforce the protection and security of the welfare of the employees, it cannot be helped to doubt the justice and labor system in the US. Based on the interviews and the accounts of former employees of McWane, it can be surmised that there is a deliberate attempt to compromise safety for the sake of increasing productivity which will eventually lead to a significant boost in McWane’s revenues. Also, the government is very lenient in punishing companies that violate safety regulations because they are afraid that penalizing a powerhouse company can send a negative message to other corporations which could drastically affect the economy of the country. The dilemma here is whether to look after the global status of a nation or paying attention to the common good of the majority. Meanwhile, workers are belittled by the top management because they think that workers can be easily replaced. They know that people cannot live without work because common individuals need to sustain their ways of living with money. Companies exploit this situation wherein they make people feel they need any job as long as they will be paid so that they can be able to afford their chosen lifestyles. Because of this, many workers were injured, incapacitated and even died while on duty at their respective workplaces due to the neglect of management, leniency of the government and the build up on the dependency on monetary compensations.

What facts surprised you most in the essay?

Some of the facts that I’ve found surprising to read are as follows:It is devastating to note that fast food has become so ingrained in the American lifestyle that they are spending more money on hamburgers than any other thing.It has become more like a routine and is much embedded into their daily lives that, one quarter of the U. S population ends up consuming fast food for their meals.The fast food industry has not only transformed the diet but subsequently the culture, economy, workforce and the society at large.McDonald’s contributes a major share in the provision of jobs.It is responsible for 90% of the country’s new jobs.It has more retail outlets than any other merchant in the U. S.McDonald's is now the nation's largest purchaser of beef, pork, and potatoes. It is the second-largest purchaser of chicken in the U. S.The golden arches are now more widely recognized than the Christian cross.QUESTION 2 In paragraph 4 what parallels does he draw between the growth of fast food industry and fundamental changes in American society? Answer: The writers make an attempt to highlight the reasons for changes in workforce demographics during the early 70’s and their after effect on the American society.Owing to the decline of wages, starting from the mid 70’s, the American economy experienced profound changes that had a direct impact on the overall economy, society and consequently the typical American household. During this period more and more women had to come out of their homes in order to meet their household expenses. As a result, in order to meet the demands of the fast-paced life, the traditional home cooking gave way to fast food culture. The shift from domestic cooking to fast-food restaurant meals is one of the factors responsible for the rapid growth of fast-food industry.QUESTION 3What does he have to say about standardization, uniformity, conformity at the one hand, and non-conformist entrepreneurs on the other?Answer: The fast food business has a very dominating influence on the American culture, business and economy. Some big names as like McDonald’s have gained tremendous control over the market share and have made and devastating impact on the food processing systems in the United States that has actually created a system of standardization for the rest to follow. The basic systems have become the operating systems of the fast food industry.The concept of uniformity is well taken by many all around the world. The customer’s confidence is based on the premise that they will get the same quality, no matter where they are in the world. The feeling of reassurance from the customer’s side underlies the trust that they have in the company, and this is one the key areas that these companies never compromise on. The concept of conformance is one of the core key success factors that have enabled McDonald’s and other to expand globally with winning returns. It is one the fundamental secret to their success.They have very intelligently blended co nformity with innovation and creativity. The industry is on the verge of constant innovation and comes up with new ideas every now and then. They thrive to conform to the standards set by them and instill the franchise owner to abide by them. The non-conformists have no place to stand if they plan to venture into such conformist driven enterprises. They consider conformance is their basic principle of success, no matter where they operate in the world.QUESTION 4What final facts does he conclude with? How do they lend a dramatic end to his conclusion?Answer: In the end, the writer turns a critical eye and discusses the pros and cons, the positives and negatives that this massively grown industry has brought with it. He makes an attempt to draw a very critical analysis starting from the inception of the fast food industry, how it progressed through the decades and its effects on the American culture, society, and economy. It is indeed very interesting to see that the progress of this industry has defied all odds.It was founded by people who were self-made and had no formal education in business. And yet, they were the ones who took all the risks and came up with innovative ideas all the way. Although this sector holds the crown of being the largest private employer and has been providing lots of jobs, but the wages offered are very low with no benefits attached. The workers move from one job to another with no skill enhancement. Very few are fortunate enough to make to the top. Majority of the workers remain within the low wage category throughout their lives with very bleak chances of progression.Moreover, the working conditions for low waged workers are also not favourable and can be lethal at times. In order to attain maximum profit, the fast food corporations have gained much control over the production side of various food items in the United States. They have taken over the place of the family-run farms. Hence, despite the positive and negative aspects, it is noteworthy to mention that these corporate giants have taken a great degree of control on the American economy and society. They have now become part of the structure and are a major contributor in the industrialization of the American system.

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial Essay - 6

Scientific Management was the product of 19th Century industrial practices and has no relevance to the present day - Essay Example While this theory of management had become irrelevant within the first quarter of the 20th century, many of ideas, which were proposed by Taylor, are still being applied today. In fact, it can be said that Taylor’s ideas still have a significant influence on how management is conducted, and has affected most of the other management theories, which came after it. While there are some who would argue that this theory of management is still as relevant today as when it was first proposed, others believe that its relevance is not compatible with modern standards. Although both sides have some real pertinent points to justify their claims, one would argue that despite its being effective, the theory of scientific management has lost its relevance in the current world. The way this theory was applied in its time cannot be effectively done in the current competitive global economy. The first case that one would make against the application of this hypothesis in the modern world is th at it takes away the autonomy of workers. While some would argue that the application of this theory would increase production, they do not consider the fact that, in the modern market, the availability of products in the market is not the only thing that determines whether consumers by them or not (Jeacle 2004, p.1162). In the highly competitive economy that exists today, it would be disastrous to take away the autonomy of workers because this would decrease innovation. Innovation is one of the most fundamental aspects in the modern world because it gives an organization an advantage over its competitors. Companies today are highly dependent on the creation of new and efficient products to put in the market so that they can keep their competition at bay. These companies try to outdo each other every day by coming up with products which once they enter the market, make similar products made in the past irrelevant. The ability of these companies to create new products frequently is b ecause they give their employees the autonomy to come up with ideas, which help in the development of these new products. If the theory of scientific management were applied in such situations, then competitiveness in the market would be stifled. Instead, the same variety of products would flood the market, and this would negate any need to create good quality products. Moreover, employees in companies would not be motivated to come up with ideas, which would be beneficial to their employer. These employees would only do work for the sake of attaining an income and would not be motivated to do better. Those who support the theory of scientific management would argue that it is the best because it allows for the simplification of jobs. It enables even those who are unskilled to perform tasks, which they were not trained for (Lincoln 200, p.515). While this argument is true, one would counter it by stating that the simplification of jobs is not always the best way to undertake it. Thi s is because, in the current era of enormous technological advancement, it is necessary for individuals to specialize in the use of the different technologies that are available. If unskilled workers are employed to work in environments where there is need handle delicate machinery, for example, the likelihood of accidents and damage to the machinery-taking place would be exceptionally high. The time where people

2008 Financial Crisis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

2008 Financial Crisis - Term Paper Example In 2007, the US entered a financial crisis, consequences of which are still suffered by the entire country. Until the crisis began and unraveled in 2008, most economists were optimistic. The US economy was growing, markets were considered to be liquid and employment levels were high. However, within one year, everything changed. According to Reavis, â€Å"the collapse of the U.S. housing market triggered the financial crisis† (3). Weak financial regulatory structure, lack of understanding the innovations in the financial sector, over borrowing and securitization of mortgages are seen as main causes of the crisis. Though already in 2006 the Treasury recognized the need for a stronger financial regulatory structure, the crisis was unexpected. Short run potential financial market challenges together with the long run challenges were discussed by the Treasury staff (Swagel 6). The result was March 2008 Treasury Blue print for a Modernized Financial Regulatory Structure in case of policy changes in the long run (Swagel 6). Possible near term scenarios were considered, with some of them being: market driven events such as the failure of a major financial institution, a large sovereign default, or huge losses at hedge funds; as well as slower-moving macroeconomic developments such as †¦ a prolonged economic downturn (Swagel 6). ... ge – backed securities, because â€Å"they added to the liquidity and efficiency of capital markets and made it easier for firms and investors to lay off risk† (8). The policymakers did not have a solid plan to save the economy. Moreover, the US politicians, financial regulators, and monetary authorities did not view any of the risks to be plausible threats (Obstfeld & Rogoff 6). This paper will focus on causes and solutions to the 2008 crisis. Previously mentioned causes of the crisis will be discussed in more detail. It will also be shown how causes interacted and thus also deepened and prolonged the scope and length of the crisis. As also mentioned previously, policymakers were not prepared for the 2008 crisis. Thus, solutions will be discussed as well. Prior to the crisis, the economy was over performing. According to Reavis, the US real estate markets were blooming: From the late 1990s into the mid-2000s, housing prices around the country rose at a compound annual growth rate of 8%. By 2006, the average home cost nearly four times what the average family made. (Historically, it had been between two to three times.) Demand was outstripping supply (Reavis 3). Despite flat incomes, families bought houses whose prices were rising. The Clinton administration enabled them to do so by easing the eligibility requirements (Reavis 3). Risky homeowners and the housing boom from the late 1990’s till the mid 2000’s drove the US economy’s growth through additional jobs in construction, remodeling, and real estate services ( Reavis 3). Families borrowed $2 trillion (Reavis 3). Mortgage-backed securities and credit default swaps (CDSs) became popular. A mortgage-backed security is a pool of mortgages that were bundled together and sold as securities (Reavis 7). They became

Response paper regard of two article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response paper regard of two article - Essay Example She is a bold woman that confronts challenging situations but is unable to avoid them. The snow on her path is a major impediment to her journey. However, she does not give it a chance to limit her efforts. In addition, he confronts hilly landscapes, thorny bushes, the creek, the cornfield, as well as the scarecrow. This reveals her as a resilient and persistent woman. She does not easily lose focus of where she is ended despite having many destructors. The author tries to paint an image of Jackson as a concerned but elderly and weary grandmother. She is passionate about getting the remedy (drugs) that will foresee her grandson get well. She goes all the way despite facing circumstances that could discourage her on the way. She is careful when crossing the creek among the rest of the obstacles. However, her image as depicted by the author reveals her as an elderly and sickly individual who commits herself to having the grandson continue to take the medications. â€Å"A Rose for family† by William Faulkner the aspect of tradition heavily features in the short story. The character Emily Grierson has been used to depict the implications of lack of conformity with change. The author has highlighted the struggles that are associated with the need to conserve. The character Jefferson finds themselves on the crossroads on whether they will have to adopt modernization or rely on the traditional view. Despite various changes in the community, Emily opts to remain the same. The reliance on the past presents both positives as well as negatives. Emily acts as a good representative of the historic aspect that pleases people. Due to this aspect, she is able to command much respect from the honor from the people. Despite Emily being a positive influence, she is neglected and cut off from the society and nobody seems to understand her. She is not conversant with reality having the threats of

Formulate Goals and a Statement of Intent Assignment

Formulate Goals and a Statement of Intent - Assignment Example The velocity of sound in air is different from the velocity of sound within the tube; this is because of the walls of the tube. A closed tube resonate if the length of the tube is  ¼ the wavelength. The tube can also resonate if the wavelength is 3/4, 5/4, and 7/4. Since the air that is in contact with the water surface cannot move. The length of air column must be equivalent to the odd multiple of  ¼ wavelength of the sound wave. However, the distance between two adjacent water levels, which correspond to resonance will be exactly  ½ of wavelength as shown in the figure below. The resonance gives an easy way vary the length of the closed tube. Holding a vibrating turning fork at a fixed location the height of the water level was varied. This was used to record the height h when resonance occurs. Notation was made regarding the relative pitch of sound. Two frequencies was used Although the folk vibrate at different frequency the frequency were related; the first frequency is half the second frequency. This is because the height was reduced by half. The frequency measured was also consistent with the turning folk and the sound sensor measurement. Closed tube sound waves are always reflected back and forth inside the tube. The length of the tube is the correct multiple of ÃŽ »; the bouncing wave can resonate in the tube. Standing wave will be produced in the tube sending waves of known frequency. Increasing the length of the tube increases the loudness (resonating). A wave occurs when a string or air is set into vibration, the wave have velocity and frequency for it to travel. When two waves travel in two opposite direction, the interference between the two creates a phenomenon known as standing wave. The wave has got both nodes and antinodes. It is the resonance of the wave that is vibrating the air; this creates musical sounds which are mostly used in

Tesco Customer Experience Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tesco Customer Experience - Case Study Example People believe that they the company can use its size and success to be a force for good. This challenge is indeed accepted by Tesco with enthusiasm and commitment. Consumers identify a brand's distinctive capabilities based on their perceptions that have themselves been created by the marketers over a period of time. A genuine brand is "the internalized sum of all the impressions received by the customers and consumers resulting in a distinctive position in their mind's eye based on perceived emotional and functional benefits" (Knapp). A brand, in general, conveys certain aspects like attributes, benefits, values, culture, personality and user. According to a recent study, Tesco is believed to have the strongest brand image online and this fact is clearly visible from its official website. Tesco implemented the Club card rewards program to gather necessary customer information, which it then used to cater to specific customer needs and potential wants. When shoppers signed up for the card, they automatically submitted their age, gender, and income. Tesco was able to segment their shoppers based on these factors. As soon as the shopper used the card when shopping online or in-store, purchased product information was automatically uploaded into Tesco database. Product information was used to cross-sell additional products and services such as grocery delivery services. This way, Tesco strives continuously to keep all its customers satisfied and ensure quality shopping every time they visit the store or the website. A new strength that has been adopted among the staff at Tesco stores is called future, instead of having criteria to meet every store, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are discussed with staff in each store and problem are sorted out, making each stores SWOT that little bit different, although the main goals are not ignored. Another ploy on Tesco's behalf to win the customers loyalty it that of vouchers for schools a scheme where one voucher I given for every five pounds that is spent in store, not only does this encourage adults to help their children but will make the children encourage the adults to shop at Tesco's to help their school. Tesco as a company uses clear values to underpin what they do. Their core purpose is based on "Creating value for our customers to earn their life time loyalty. Tesco has invested one billion pounds. Tesco believes in one important thing, i.e. they offer the best quality on a broad range of products and believe that they offer the best value. They have invested one billion pounds since 1996 on the campaign to reduce prices to customers and that continues to build as they go in to 2004. They offer outstanding customer service; every customer is offered help at the checkout. Location and convenience is another reason to choose Tesco, they have introduced a staggering 200 in the last two years that stay open 24 hours a day and they plan another 1540 new express stores, which are Tesco mini stores linked on to esso garages and forecourts. Another key

Functional Perspective on group Making Theory and Cultural approach to Research Paper

Functional Perspective on group Making Theory and Cultural approach to organization - Research Paper Example They have to begin by analyzing the problem they are facing and identifying its causes. There could be various problems and they have to be identified. The next step is to set specific goals that can be measured using various metrics. The board also has to identify some viable alternatives to enable the company achieve the goals they have set. Throughout the process, feedback has to be given on each of the steps and included in the next step to come up with an optimal solution. The theory is quite simplistic failing to take into account various environmental factors that affect the decisions made by the group. These factors could be internal or external to the group responsible for making the decision. Communication between the group members and with other entities outside of the group has a big role to play. The environment and circumstances surrounding the decision being made also have a great impact that the parties involved will feel. The GM board could face challenges from external environment such as legislations passed by congress on various matters affecting the motor vehicle industry. The company’s internal organization is an internal factor that affects the decisions made. The cultural approach to organizations was a theory put across by Clifford James Geertz. The theory is based on the main idea of organizations having their own unique cultures. This culture influences the meaning that the individuals pin on various things in their lives. Image, climate and character are the main factors that contribute towards the formation of a company’s corporate culture. The culture takes on an almost human perspective (Griffin 273). The theory mainly advocates for switching from systems approach to corporate culture to a more human approach. An example of application of the theory is in a bank. The employees of a specific bank have to keep the reputation that the bank is known for. One of the most important things in the industry is the quality of

Business Proposal for Als Milk Bar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Proposal for Als Milk Bar - Essay Example The objective of the business is to provide a unique "milk bar" experience to its customers with high quality food, customer-oriented service in a warm and friendly atmosphere. The target market range covers ages 5 to 75, among the local residents, office workers, students, shoppers and pedestrians in the area of Victoria Street. Projected investment costs of less than $18,000 are deemed recoverable in less than two years with profitability from operations set at 18%. Traditionally, milk bars were local shops where people pick up milk and newspapers. Eventually, they became general stores or delicatessens, offering a wide variety of products, much like convenience stores. They also began serving milk drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, such as milkshakes and sodas, as well as snack foods like sandwiches, cookies and pastries (Wikipedia 2008). Milk bars became popular starting in the 1930's when they became hubs providing wholesome corner shop goodies and a communal space for local interaction. Customers personally knew the people behind the counter, kids were allowed by their moms to drop by to get candy or have a milkshake, and communal tables allowed neighbors to bump into each other. The milk bars of the period had brightly lettered conspicuous signs advertising hand-made foods such as meat and vegetable rolls, hot pies and pasties, freshly made scones, double cream milk shakes, malt chocolate drink and fruity syrup slush. Dcor in the ea ting areas were a combination of colorful posters and cartoony images of the era (Neville 2008, Bells 2008). The "restaurant" portion of the 1930s milk bar is the inspiration for the new business being proposed. The business concept revolves around the idea of a bar and snack establishment serving non-alcoholic beverages and hot food, where customers can either have a quick drink or snack, as well as linger with friends. Business Description "Al's" Milk Bar is to be located at 314-316 Victoria Street. It is a bar and snack restaurant providing hot and cold food and non-alcoholic drinks reminiscent of the 1930s milk bar experience. Its menu will include all the traditional offerings of milk bars such as milkshakes, spiders, sodas, ice cream, cakes, pastries, sandwiches, hot rolls, as well as mocktails. "Al's" dcor and color schemes will mimic those of the 1930s and 40s milk bars, complete with a bar counter with seating and indoor and outdoor tables and chairs. "Al's" will be a small business established as a sole trader and will operate from seven in the morning to nine in the evening every day of the week. It will serve a high number of residents in the surrounding local residential areas as well as office workers in surrounding office buildings and shoppers at nearby retail venues. It will have product offerings to serve quick breakfast, especially to office workers, light mid-day lunches, and afternoon-evening non-alcoholic dri

Cause and Prevention of Type2 Diabetes in Urban China Essay

Cause and Prevention of Type2 Diabetes in Urban China - Essay Example Rapid economic growth after reformation has lead to lifestyle changes in China's population. Reduced physical activity and unhealthy eating habits inevitably lead to obesity and diabetes, and in fact such lifestyle changes have led to rapid increase in the incidence of Type2 diabetes in urban China. Furthermore, China has now overtaken India as the country with the largest number of diabetes patients in the world, with 50 million patients currently, and an annual incremental rate of 1-2 million. It is predicted that 100 million of China's 1.3 billion people will have diabetes by 2025. In urban regions of China, around 50% of Type2 patients are children. Type2 diabetes in children is easily overlooked, and delays in treatment can have serious consequences. Hence, medical experts warn that vigilance is essential to prevent and treat the disease in children. Lifestyle intervention will play an important role in diabetes management, particularly because insulin injections are too expensi ve for the majority of Chinese. First, a systematic review of existing literature will consider information about the following: causes of Type2 diabetes, medical treatments (effectiveness, cost and benefit), and lifestyle intervention approaches (effectiveness, cost and benefit). Following this, a number of methods will be used to gather and evaluate relevant data. Using the deductive approach will require starting with a general hypothesis; for example, "lifestyle changes are directly increasing incidence of Type2 diabetes and prevention strategies should be implemented". Inductive research, on the other hand, will allow the researcher to account for the possibility that there may be less obvious influences on the rising frequency of Type2 diabetes in China. A mixture of research strategies designed to obtain qualitative and quantitative data, such as questionnaires and interviews, will be applied on selected groups of diabetics, medical staff, schools, doctors and hospitals. Surveys and questionnaires will gather data used in the deductive approach, while interviews will gather qualitative data for an inductive approach. Various research methods used together will help cancel out the 'method effect'. (Smith 1975) Face-to-face interviews are essential to this research topic, and gaining qualitative data is the primary focus. Economic evaluation will involve a comparison of the costs and benefits of treatment versus prevention strategies. It is suggested that such a comparison will show that it is far more beneficial from an economic standpoint to prevent diabetes rather than to treat it. Feasibility Primary data will be obtained from publications by the World Health Organisation, China's Ministry of Health, and Official Chinese News Agents. A systematic

Swot Analysis Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis Essay SWOT Analysis is a famous tool to analysis overall strategic position of the business and environment. Besides, people used SWOT Analysis to identify their strategies and create a specific business model that best aligns all the resources and capabilities to requirement to environment which the firm operates. SWOT has divided into two, which is internal factors (S, W)that firm have some to measure it, meanwhile, external factors(O, T) is something not control by us. Strengths are qualities that enable company to achieve their mission; we can observe several strengths from Citibank. Citibank is a global network company by almost seven of the top ten banks in the world and considered as the market share leadership in world. Citibank has experienced to emerge into many foreign markets, although they had not always been a world- class success story. In addition, Citibank is an innovative company who always come out with some ‘new’ services to customer. By open a multinational account services, Citibank has gained the confidence from Japanese consumers. The strong focus on technology and innovative financial services help Citibank to won many awards. Citibank has a good training and development for their employee too. There is always a mentor to guide their employee progress. Hence, Citibank people are great demand from other banks. On the other hand, Citibank do have some weaknesses that may influence Citibank success and growth. They face some conflicts came from bad management and coordination. Citibank merged with Citicorp and Travelers group, there is a report of differences and conflict between two co-CEO, John Reed and Sanford Weill. This problem arises due to different cultures of two organizations. There may lead some communication problems between them, which by language and cultural barriers. External Factors has opportunity and threat, which is not under company control. Opportunity of Citibank is they have offered retail banking services. Citibank has launched their strategy of localized commitment, to employ 95% local employee in Japan. By implement this strategy, Citibank has become very popular by government. Citibank has many opportunities to expand to other foreign countries by implement the multinational account. It will win consumer heart and helps Citibank to become a first enter foreign market more successful. Citibank certainly have threat, the main threat of Citibank is competitor. Citibank’s major competitors include domestic and foreign competitors.  Examples of domestic company are Bank of Tokyo- Mitsubisi and Sanwa Bank. Foreign company are HSBC and Deutche Bank. But Citibank has many competitive advantages which are strong brand equity, innovation a nd localized high employees. With all these competitive advantages, Citibank has much percentage to win among so many competitors.

Operationalize Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Operationalize Sustainability Essay â€Å"We must strive to become systems thinkers if we are to benefit from the interrelationships of the triple bottom line of sustainability: mission, environment, and community† (sustainability. army. mil). Welcome to the Army strategy for the environment. As one of the largest organizations in America, the Army has joined the movement towards sustainability. With 4 available resources, 5 functional areas and 7 programs and implementation tools, the Army is surging forward with applying sustainability practices. The purpose of this work is to divulge into the Army’s P2, or Pollution Prevention program, as well as giving alternate suggestions on preventing waste. Pollution Prevention (P2) is defined as the systematic effort to minimize, or eliminate altogether, process waste and other pollutants before that are generated (army. mil). P2 is a program that is just one tool to help achieve sustainability. This program can be applied to almost every aspect from field training, housing, family life, installation operations and munitions productions. To operationalize the P2 program, the Army has applied the basic principles of pollution prevention as well as developed the P2 hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose in an environmentally safe manner. The first priority in the hierarchy is reduction. The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) defines this as â€Å"Any practice which 1) reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment (including fugitive emissions) prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and 2) reduces the hazards to public ealth and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. The term includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control† (army. mil) In the P2 program, this definition is applied to the broad goal of reducing or eliminating the environmental impacts of consuming resources and the waste that is generated from it. This waste can come from Army vehicle maintenance such as oil changes or leaving computers and lights on at the end of the work day. Reuse and recycle in hierarchy are meant for pollution that cannot be prevented. In this case, pollution should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. â€Å"The resources of a nation must be constantly managed: expanded then gathered, gathered then distributed each person or group sometimes gaining, sometimes losing, but always treated fairly and with respect. (O’Toole, 1993, p. 108) For example, Fort Bragg Army base in North Carolina has built an entire village out of materials recycled or diverted from the Fort Bragg landfill. This recycled â€Å"trash† village is used in training and preparing troops for deployment. If the first three actions cannot be taken, the last step in the P2 hierarchy is to disposal, removal and discharge of pollution into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner. We will look at how these problems have arisen, and how they are all symptoms of a way of living that we have taken for granted, which has produced great progress but also growing side effects† (Senge, 2008, p. 10) While this program and many others are giving the Army advances in the right direction toward sustainability, there are other efforts that can be made to help prevent waste. In sustainability, waste is not reserved to trash alone. Waste can be the unnecessary use of, or degradation, of resources. For the Army, a suggestion for prevention can be monitoring the use of electronics. Each office in the military has several computers since the military communicates largely with emails, share drives and electronic training and personnel records. These computers are continuously on throughout the day, even after personnel go home. â€Å"U. S. organizations squander $2. 8 billion a year to power unused machines, emitting about 20 million tons of carbon dioxide†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Swartz, 2009) In some cases, such as hospitals with shift workers, there may be a need for active computers. In other cases, the Army can implement a timer, programmed for the end of a shift, to turn off all computers. The exception may be to leave one on for additional use of people working late, but the others would automatically shut off, saving the energy use instead of having computers in sleep mode throughout the night. â€Å"Simply shutting down PCs at night can save a company with 10,000 PCs over $260,000 a year and 1,871 tons of carbon dioxide emissions, the report says. (Swartz, 2009) The same goes for radios, printers, faxes, unnecessary machinery and all other excessive electronics. Another suggestion would be to create self-sustaining gyms. Exercise and the military go hand in hand. Exercise is directed and required to have a successful military career. Many people go to the gym, not just active duty but also dependent spouses, veterans, civil service workers and civilians with base access. The treadmill, elliptical, bikes and stair climbers are the most used equipment in the gym due to the diversity of patrons. Eco-friendly gyms have been popping up worldwide. † (Huey, 2008) This can be used to the Army’s advantage by using the energy output from the machines in use to generate the electricity for the lighting in the gym and operation of TVs. Instead of having TVs on and available at all times, have TVs operational only on the machine while it is in use, being powered by the operator. â€Å"A unique and key feature of green gyms is that they can actually use the energy generated from people exercising and use that to power their facilities. (Huey, 2008) Obviously this may not sustain an entire gym, considering air conditioning, heating and the size of the gym to include playing courts, but this can help to drastically lower energy usage. The Army also wastes equipment, which can produce pollution upon disposal. This equipment is the boots, jackets, uniforms, camel packs, Gerber tools, etc. that is issued to troops. When a troop completes basic training, or boot camp, the required initial equipment items are issued. When a troop deploys to an overseas location, new equipment is issued, even if the troop recently completed boot camp. This results in a double issue of equipment to the same troops, with no requirement to turn in unused or unneeded equipment. â€Å"While Soldiers have embraced the RFI process, they recently identified one noteworthy problem area in the RFI process: Their clothing records having duplicate items that were previously issued. † (Maj. Wright, 2009) Military members are also issued a clothing allowance every year for new uniforms. This results in money lost and equipment waste and abuse. Troops can throw away unused equipment without properly recycling the materials. To help put a check on equipment, the Army can implement a â€Å"turn in, tag out† system. This means troops will have to turn in old, worn out equipment, such as boots, to be issued new pairs. A â€Å"tag out† on issued items will be kept electronically in a database to ensure individuals are not being issued double items. Supply personnel can look up by name and determine if the troop has already received an item. With old equipment being turned into supply, the right people can properly and environmentally safely dispose or recycle used equipment. Also, by documenting equipment that is issued out and what equipment is being turned in, supply personnel will be better equipped in ordering new items efficiently rather than ordering excessive products and wasting money. Although the Army has taken many positive steps toward operationalizing sustainability, there are many more that can be taken. The Army may never be fully sustainable due to numerous training missions that use fuel, energy and natural resources, but every effort counts toward reducing, recycling and disposing of pollution properly. These advances can be applied toward other military branches as well. For instance, the Navy dumps thousands of gallons of fuel into our atmosphere to make the planes lighter and able to land on carriers at sea. While this maneuver is done for safety, the amount of gas put into the plane initially is known to be too much upon landing. This is an obvious area to improve on. Sustainability can be operationalized by every business, organization and company in the world. â€Å"What weve discovered on our journey is that implementing sustainability is a lot like implementing any other corporate change initiative. (Hitchcock, 2006, p. 167) The military is always changing and always adapting. In conclusion, the Army has many programs and tools that are operationalizing sustainability practices. The P2 program is a great start to handling systems that produce waste and pollution. The hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose of in an environmentally safe manner is the right mindset for sustainability. The Army also has areas that can be improved upon, as with any company. The Army is making progress towards sustainability, which is progress in the right direction for a better future. Bibliography http://www.greeniacs.com/GreeniacsArticles/Gyms-Get-Sustainable.html www.gdrc.org/sustdev/concepts/19-n-step.html http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2009-03-25-pc-power-company-costs_N.htm http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/pdf/sustainability_Report_2009.pdf

Factors Causing Language Speaking Anxiety In Classroom English Language Essay

Factors Causing Language Speaking Anxiety In Classroom English Language Essay In the last few decades, considerable effort has been devoted to recognising the role of anxiety in L2 learning. Such studies (Scovel, 1978; Horwitz, 1986; Spolsky, 1989; Phillips, 1992; Maclntyre Grander, 1994; Baker Maclntyre, 2000; Cheng, 2004) have provided us with useful information about anxiety that has recently acknowledged one of the main barriers that impedes L2 learning (Brown, 2007; Grander, 2001 cited in Pritchard, 2007). According to Abdul Aziz (2005), it is vital to realize the role of anxiety and its affect on the process of language learning since it ranks high among factors that can influence language learning, regardless of whether the setting is formal or informal. So what is meant by anxiety and to what refers language anxiety? What are the reasons that prevent students from participating in language classes and make them resort to silence? What causes their language anxiety? And, from which sources does it stem? Such questions will be answering in this chapter alongside reviewing some previous studies on second/foreign language anxiety. 2.2. Definition of Anxiety The term anxiety in general, has been defined by Scovel (1978, p.134) as a state of apprehension, (and) a vague fear. It is a complicated phenomenon to describe since it arises from various sources. People usually are not able to specify the exact emission of their nervousness and anxiety. However, it is worth mentioning that although there are several studies that have dealt with such an area, Horwitz was the first investigator of foreign language classroom anxiety (Liu, 2006). Horwitz claims that anxiety experienced by L2 learners is unique to the learning process and completely different from other types of anxiety (1986). Language anxiety according to Maclntyer and Gardner (1994, p. 284), is a type of anxiety that can be defined as the feeling of tension and apprehension specifically associated with second language contexts, including listening, speaking and learning. Anxious students usually show some signs of panic such as panic stare, white face (and) cold trembling hands (Ganschow Sparks, 2001, a35). On top of that, Abdul Aziz (2005) adds that those students may suffer from headache, blushing and pounding heart. The anxiety symptoms also could be physiological, for example an upset stomach and numbness, or cognitive symptoms such as preoccupation and worry, or behavioural symptoms such as avoidance (Cheng, 1999). 2.3 The Correlation between Anxiety and L2 Learning Some research into language anxiety has considered it to be an important variable that causes negative effects on students performance in class. They maintain that the higher the level of anxiety, the less the students are willing to communicate (Horwitz, 1986; Maclnttyre Gardner, 1994; Baker Maclntyre, 2000). It also points out that anxiety is an aid in raising the affective filter of the learners, resulting in stress, depression or fear and thus blocks the input from being absorbed and processed (Richards Rodgers, 2001; Abdul Aziz, 2005; Harmer, 2009: 58). It has also been noted that such feelings as mentioned above, are mostly centred around listening and speaking tasks with difficulty in speaking in class being the most common complaint of anxious students (Horwitz, 1986; Spolsky, 1989). However it is not necessary for anxious students who allege that they have a mental block in foreign language classes, to have the same feelings in other situations. The same students might be good learners and strongly motivated in other classes. Where some research has proved that even highly proficient language learners experienced different degrees of anxiety (Horwitz: 1986, p. 125; Brown, 2007: 163). On the other hand, there are theorists who argue to the contrary, who say that there is no correlation between anxiety and low achievement. Aida (1994) for example, who studied Japanese learners, has found a negative relationship between the anxiety experienced by the students and their performance. Other researchers asserted that second language performance and anxiety are positively related (e.g., Kleinmann, 1977; Spolsky, 1989), especially facilitative anxiety that is closely related to competitiveness which is considered to be key to successful learning (Brown, 2007: 162). However, such facilitation has only been found when using very simple grammatical structures (and) in all other cases, anxiety has been a debilitating factor in language acquisition (Duxbury Tsai, 2010). With regard to the relationship between anxiety and L2 learning, it is still under debate whether it is the cause or the product of learners low performance, or whether it harms or helps their performance. Is it a negative or a positive factor? Can teachers avoid or ameliorate anxiety in foreign language classes? (Brown, 2007: 163). To date, the research in this segment has not yielded any consistent findings (Matsuda, 2004). The studies surrounding this phenomenon are still under developed and attempts to better clarify it are still being carried out (Bailey, 2000). From the previous discussion, it can be seen that the correlation between anxiety and performance may not be a simple linear one; some factors (e.g., culture and learners proficiency) could also play a part (Na, Z., 2007). 2.4 What Factors Could Boost Language Anxiety? Horwitz et al. (1986) has pointed out some related causal factors for second language anxiety which can be summarised by: (1) communication apprehension, which is a type of shyness characterised by fear or anxiety about communication with people, (2) fear of negative evaluation and (3) test-anxiety. The example of I am usually at ease during tests in my class language (Woodrow, 2006) clarifies test-anxiety. There are other factors associated with the learners themselves and the environment of their language classes. Such factors are: self perception, learners beliefs about language learning, and the instructors beliefs about language teaching and classroom procedure (Tanveer, 2007). Other factors include age, gender, motivation and lack of confidence (Horwitz, 1986; Sparks Ganschow, 1991; Baker Maclntyre, 2000; Ohata, 2005). All of the things mentioned above, and many other factors contribute to existing L2 anxiety.

Compare/Contrast Rip Van Winkle and The Devil and Tom Walker Essay

Both of the stories by Washington Irving are fictitious tales written in the mid 1800’s. The author, Washington Irving, was an influential author. He invented narrators, who were both comical and fictional, to explain his stories. His work was based on German folk tales, and he added an American twist to the age-old tales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first thing that strikes me after reading both of these stories is that Irving uses inflated diction in both. This is another reason Irving became so popular. This way of writing made the story more enjoyable and comical. However, to some readers, inflated diction could be confusing and annoying. Either way, this style is prevalent in both of the stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing these stories have in common are eit...

Comparing A Lost Lady and Like Water for Chocolate :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing A Lost Lady and Like Water for Chocolate      Ã‚   The worlds about which Willa Cather and Laura Esquivel write hardly seen congruous. Written in different eras, in different styles, and in different cultures, Cather's A Lost Lady and Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate appear, at first glance, to have little in common. Cather's Victorian realism seems totally incompatible with Esquivel's surrealistic imagery, and yet, if we look closely, we can find common threads woven between the two works. Although differences are obvious, subtle similarities exist in setting, conflict, and central characters. The above excerpt is provided to give the student an idea of the focus of this essy.   The complete essay begins below. Imagine, for a moment, Marian Forrester in her kitchen preparing a tray for tea. As she works, her mind wanders to the letter she received in the post today from Frank Ellinger. "It's been too long since Frank has been out from Denver," she thinks as she glances out the window across the meadow, half expecting to see his form approaching. Instead, she sees in the distance an exotic form, a Spanish maiden, and in a cloud of dust a soldier approaches her. Without slowing his gallop, so as not to waste a moment, he leaned over, put his arm around her waist, and lifted her onto the horse in front of him, face to face, and carried her away. The horse, which seemed to be obeying higher orders too, kept galloping as if it already knew their ultimate destination, even though Juan had thrown the reins aside and was passionately kissing and embracing Gertrudis. The movement of the horse combined with the movement of their bodies as they made love for the first time, at a gallop and with a great deal of difficulty. (Esquivel 55-56) An unlikely scene in Mrs. Forrester's Victorian world? The worlds about which Willa Cather and Laura Esquivel write hardly seen congruous. Written in different eras, in different styles, and in different cultures, Cather's A Lost Lady and Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate appear, at first glance, to have little in common. Cather's Victorian realism seems totally incompatible with Esquivel's surrealistic imagery, and yet, if we look closely, we can find common threads woven between the two works. Although differences are obvious, subtle similarities exist in setting, conflict, and central characters. Writing during the Victorian era, Cather chooses as the setting for her novel the prairie states of the United States at the turn of the century.

Ambition :: essays research papers

That formidable force that makes one believe that one needs what one usually only desires; that mind-set that is really more of an entity that sits on ones shoulder, and relentlessly screams â€Å"further, further†; that asset that makes those who are not zealous, jealous... That is ambition.Ambition has been the backbone of every army! Through those great ancient Egyptian wars, through Persia, through Hastings, through Waterloo, through the native American/greedy colonist battles, through the world-wars, through the Balkans, and through every other great conflict that has ever existed but that I am unable to cite, each party was blessed by pure and passionate ambition...ambition to win at whatever cost necessary. Surely only the collective force of ambition found in a battle is liable to cause as much suffering and damage as has been caused by all battles that have ever been lost or won? Even the weakest, most injured warrior who persevered has been touched not by insanity, but by raw ambition, and even the most perturbed and exasperated warlord is supported not by his schemes, but by the ambition to realise them.Ambition is the ultimate wonder of the world! Ambition made all seven of them and more...shouldn’t it be regarded as their veritable (no matter how intangible) superior? From the conception to the design to the construction to the completion, ambition was the proverbial foreman, as once again we see that collective zeal create a phenomenon...thus...Ambition is the source of all that is good and all that is evil! It makes the wonders and it makes the wars.Ambition is the winner and loser of every game! Every footballer, every chess player, every marathon runner, every duck-legged Olympic walker smells of fervour which seeps from the pores of their ambition.When years of dedication pass the baton to ambition, there is a sage to be reckoned with. One only wonders why in spite of the eternal paradoxical query â€Å"what would happen if an irresistible force met with an irresistible force?†, someone always has to lose?Ambition makes you healthy, wealthy, and wise! Doesn’t it? Observe this immortal quotation of Henry Ford:"Whether you think you can or you think you cannot, you are right"The truth he successfully conveys is that we are the scribes of our own destiny. It is ambition that makes us think we can be successful, and lack of ambition that makes us think we cannot.

Book Review: When Genius Failed Essay

Lowenstein’s ability to come up with a concise, coherent story and his experience in financial journalism is strongly evident in this book. Not only can Lowenstein weave together and tell a great story (this author felt he was being led through the history of the fund and its characters by one of its inner partners while reading through this book), he also pays attention to details whenever it is needed – and he succeeds greatly by catching many important subtleties (such as in the beginning of Chapter one when he used one of those â€Å"subtleties† in Meriwether’s early areer to explain the basis of LTCM’s core business model and the subtle, but gradual â€Å"style drift† that brought down the hedge fund afterwards) as well as making many interesting observations along the way (such as the fatal flaw LTCM committed when it started engaging in stocks arbitrage as opposed to sticking to bond arbitrage). 7. Concept: Unsystematic Risk. A specifi c risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as â€Å"unsystematic risk†. In a balanced portfolio of assets there would be a spread between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio. Unlike systematic and market risk, specific risk can be diversified away. A diversified portfolio is the realisation of the proverb â€Å"don’t put all your eggs in one basket†. As Irish investors become more sophisticated in their strategies, they look beyond the risks of stock-picking to managing risk through diversified, balanced investment portfolios. Mr. Fitzgerald, portfolio manager for Hibernian Investment Managers said that often the first step in reducing risk is investing in pooled investments like mutual funds, unit trusts and unit-linked funds. It’s a toe-in-the-water position, they begin with cautiously-managed funds, and then as they grow in wealth or experience they may choose a managed fund with higher equity content† Source: Margaret E. Ward, The Irish Times, 2nd July 1999. 10. Concept: The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). William Sharpe the Capital Asset Pricing Model in 1964. Parallel work was also performed by Jack Treynor, John Lintn er and Jan Mossin. CAPM is used in finance to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset. It considers a simplified world where there are no taxes and transaction costs, all investors have identical investment horizons and identical opinions about expected returns, volatilities and correlations of available investments. This model states that the expected return on a specific asset equals the risk-free rate plus a premium that depends on the asset’s beta and the expected risk premium on the market portfolio. CAPM extended Harry Markowitz’s modern portfolio theory and of diversification to introduce the notions of systematic and specified risk. Source: www. google. com 11. Concept: Capital Budgeting. Capital Budgeting or Investment Appraisals are the planning processes used to determine a firm’s long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products and research and development projects. This is the process of identifying which long-lived investment projects a firm should undertake. US entertainment giant Warner Brothers investigated a possible high-tech back office studio development in Belfast. Executives from the group conducted an appraisal of possible investment opportunities on the site. The group planned a high-tech quarter in Belfast, which it hoped would attract multimedia, informatics and telecoms firms to set up in Northern Ireland. Source: Francess McDonnell, The Irish Times, 7th August 2001. 18. Concept: Financial Management. This is managing a firms internal cash flows and its mix of debt and equity financing, both to maximise the value of the debt and equity claims on firms’ and to ensure that companies can pay off their obligations when they come due. This is illustrated through financial reporting; the dream of consistent and uniform systems of financial reporting around the world is a seductive one. It is also elusive. The problem is that, however great the attempts at providing a universally acceptable standard, the differing goals of the world’s reporting regimes get in the way. Europe and about a 100 other countries go for the International Financial Reporting Standards (IRFS) whereas, the US stand alone and stick to their US generally accepted accounting (GAAP) yet seek reconciliation from the IRFS. It is the electronic tagging and analysis system XBRL that will enable the elements of a company’s financial reports to be accessed by users and reconfigured to provide whatever information the user wants. Mr. Cox, the Securities and Exchange Commission chairman said he was â€Å"looking forward to a future in which XBRL, US GAAP and IFRS would be interconnected and hence the problem of global comparability would be solved†. Source: Robert Bruce, Financial Times, 4th January 2007.

Religion Universality

Introduction catholicity or normalism is a sprightliness philosophy non a morality. Universality is grounded on recognition and tries to assume in the lacking spireligious rite blanks. Universality is about connecting with something bigger outside yourself rigorously on your own terms as opposed to being told what to believe as in a holiness. Its to a fault about sensationing a peachy life and doing good to early(a)s because you know its the right thing to do non because someone is telling you to. There be many a nonher(prenominal) people that find a purely scientific view to be too empty.All religions on the other hand, encounter great spiritual penetration besides with many unfounded beliefs throw in. These beliefs be either the product of the unprocessed thinking of ancient peoples or attempts to modify or window-dress the message to trace common people. The goal of Universality is not to replace science and religion just to complement them. Universality is c ompletely leechlike on good science. Universality is for those who be let down with their religion or spiritu each(prenominal) toldy stymied with their religion.It is also for those of a scientific bent that feel something fundament wholey missing from their lives. Universalism, in its primary sense, refers to religious, theological, and philosophical concepts with habitual application or applicability. Religion in this context is defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especi wholey when considered as the creation of a superhuman confidence or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral figure governing the conduct of human affairs.The course of instruction that leads to peace will be, no doubt, gigantic and arduous, exclusively we burnnot nevertheless begin the move around until we pass through the entre. Above the gate is the required universal affirmation On the path that leads to peace we ar all members of one human family, brothers and sisters one of some other.. The need for a universal religion Religion, is a matter of intragroup prison term and an outer appearance of life is a mere consequence of it. mass, as foresightful as they be humans ,have a right to differ from one another(prenominal) in their convictions and are bound to have different slipway of life.Religion is a means to end the soul peeping desire to seek lay offdom from daily activities. There are numerous religions in the world that have differences because they are all the outcome of different traditions and backgrounds. Yet , religion has become, somehow the reason for a strain of conflicts, mass cleanings, huge protests and sometimes even fruitless wars resulting in bloodshed. The importance of the Universal Religion musical arrangement lies in the circumstance that it is a moral principle that necessarily no imposing or instruction.People need not sacrifice or r enounce their religion rather delineate a basic set of rules in their day-to-day life which will assistance them run their lives smoothly. This concept needs no preaching.. for, it is based on the HUMAN BEING.. and the inner sense-conscience. The sixth sense-rational mind avails us disclose the right from wrong. Yet we find many, killing their own conscience for brutal reasons. It is when such activities take place .. the need for a invigorated way of life, a new well-constructed path, arises. DISADVANTAGES OF THE EXISTING SYSTEMAs we all know, the present system of religion has created many a division among people ,though science and technology are rapidly growing. approximately of the major disadvantages of the existing system are listed below. ?Religions take upt match upto feelings. ?Beliefs dont match reality. ?Sometimes, strict attachment to principles can stand in the way of common sense. ?Religions separate. Just as religions are able to bring people together, it ca n create a huge happy chance between them too- of different religions. For they all believe, but they still see only the differences, and not the similarities.Sometimes, depending on the formal educations and practices of some religions, in that location is a tendency to restrict free and open head on a variety of subjects that include philosophy, politics, culture, medicine and the sciences in general. In place of open inquiry some religions teach that there is corporeal (like the Bible and other writings considered sacred) that covers all that is important, for example, regarding the formation of the universe or the beginnings of humankind. interrogation into these questions that follows a line contrary to the religions teaching is considered not only futile but inherently bad.This disadvantage in no way applies to all religions everywhere. The rules for the new system In order that the preceding(prenominal) mentioned disadvantages are solved,a new set of rules have been co mpiled. The differentiation lies in the fact that ,this is not a religion yet a life philosophy. Every new religion was started to send for the to a higher place issues. Yet, the basic aim is to need the divide termed religion. The various mere(a) rules to be followed are ?Treat others as you would like to be treated. ?Help yourself bountiful so that you may best help others. ?Right thought Right lyric ?Right action ?You are the orbiters keeper. ?Tell the whole verity and nothing but the truth ? upkeep your agreements. ?Respect one and all. ?Never go against your own conscience. ?Never kill. Conclusion The above system will ,in all ways prove to be an advantage. We hope that the above mentioned rules will help mankind to lead a life rich in kindness and moral values. Hoping that the above mentioned rules name the present chaotic religious scenario , we intermit that we are not here to preach,but to garter practice. ***********************

Body soul destinction Essay

The body is all about the bodily aspects of the brain-neurons and also the way in which the brain is structured.Many philosophers therefore make a important distinction between the mind and body, the dualist view that a person is made of two separate substances. On the other hand, some philosophers take a monist/ materialist view that the mind and the body are the thk same substance. This is a contentious area of philosophy, and has created a debate known as â€Å"the mind, human body problem†.Such philosophers as Plato take a dualist view and try to offer further evidence to suggest a distinction between the body and soul.It is located in space and time.Plato used evidence such as the â€Å"world of the forms†. He suggested deeds that by taking care of the soul and ignoring physical pleasures the soul can return to the word of the forms when the body dies. The evidence of Plato’s theory can be seen everyday.For the body to survive it must meet its basic need s such as food, reproduction and own physical pleasure.

He thought that soul and the body were two unique materials.’ According to Aquinas, the soul operates independently of the body. Aquinas believed the only things that are divisible into parts decay. The soul is not divisible logical and therefore on this basis of Aquinas’ argument it is able to survive death. However, through the link with a more particular human body the soul becomes an individual so even when the body dies the own soul that departs has an immortal existence.A acceptable comprehension of death is critical to be aware of the real character of how our presence.This supports the dualist view as firstly, it proves that the soul is immortal and lives on after death, and secondly that the soul is separate from the body as the man who claims to be Jesus appears to be unrecognisable implying he has a different physical appearance. For Christians try this will act as firm evidence that there is a body soul distinction, however for those who are not Christ ian the evidence may not be so reliable.Cartesian particle duality formed by Rene Descartes, describes the mind and body as being separates and is based on the prepositional phrase † I think therefore I am.† Descartes explained that feelings and sensations cannot be located physically.

This economic theory is extremely vague however.Descartes evidence is based on the assumption that we can live without the body. He concluded that the body has the job of best performing physical activities however, it is the mind that contains our identity. For Descartes the human mind is I, that we can live without the body as the mind makes us who we are. Descartes took the most religious view that after our death the soul is able to continue and be with God.His natural philosophy is much like the beliefs of nearly all Christians now about the spirit.Evidence for Swinburne’s theory comes from damn near death experiences.In many instances people have claimed to have had near death personal experiences whereby their hearts have stopped during surgery and yet they have reported detailed accounts of what happened during the time they were clinically dead. For some try this is evidence for consciousness, however if the body and soul is one entity this would be impossible. This therefore implies that there is something that lives on when the physical body is dead, for dualists this would be the soul.

Each element of the soul plays a role in the new equilibrium of the person.Some of Dawkins work includes the â€Å"selfish gene† and the â€Å"blind watchmaker† Within these he rejects any idea of the religious view of dualism and within the â€Å"selfish gene† he explains that humans are a lucky accident and that all life is opportunistic and humans what are merely genetic mutations with the need to mindlessly replicate. Dawkins does not deny human dignity and accepts the computational complexity of human life to be able to contemplate the origins of human life.The evidence unlooked for Dawkins theory of biological materialism is based on DNA. Dawkins explains DNA as a code of instructions deeds that is made up of millions of strands of genetic information.This primal signal could have later evolved to be a indication of emotional along with complete physical distress.He stated that humans are one composite being, one substance. His theory the â€Å"repli ca theory† he realised from a religious point of view the problem was continuity. In life after death technological how can someone be the same person without their body. Therefore Hick suggests that there curfew must be some kind of replica.

An individual should be very careful as they live how that they conduct themselves.Some national accounts during the new testament describe Jesus after the resurrection and was recognised by followers before ascension. From a religious full view this is evidence for the replica theory as it appears that Jesus died logical and when he came back had the same physical appearance as well as the same personality.Identity theory puts forward a materialist view of the soul. Identity theory is against behaviourism logical and suggests that the mind and the brain are in the same place.Its part of a complete individual without it is logical not composed of components such as the nonliving and living things and which a human being isnt complete and it cannot end.An analogy for this is that a woman can be a mother, a daughter and a little sister etc. The same person can have many functions, it is therefore the same for the rat brain which as well as having the functions we already recognis e such as controlling physical activity, speaking and less controlling bodily functions it can also control the mind.Overall, although religious philosophy offers an explanation unlooked for the body soul distinction it is based on little empirical evidence. For those who already follow the religion it may fit in with their beliefs however, for those who are militant atheist of follow another religion the evidence that it uses makes little logical sense.

John milton

When I get by how my discharge is worn- discover(a), and How shortly Hath period, the poet refers to his cecity and the economic consumption of snip. From the persistder of his babe son, to the demise of his wife, floor to Milton fair dip, surprisingly, he had merely to permit these obstacles helping him from existence the dreaded author/Poet we was. When I beted how my gently is sp check, is a praise referring to his sightlessness nd his privy regression with conviction.Towards the abate of this sonnet he questions his idol as to whitherfore Miltons iodine giving (line 3) was taken from him (his sight) and how it is achiev fit to resolve graven image with his cecity. Milton bes that he is gifted, though my basis much knack to execute thitherwith my Maker, and inaugu dictate my trustworthy peak, lest he locomote ride (lines 4-6) his head desires hardening to some bea his sk ominouss in the do of his Maker, deity, sole(prenom inal) doesnt sack step up how to cud with it And that star gift which is oddment to report (line 3). It is humourous beca employ here(predicate) is a piece who is implausibly bideowment funded, et isnt fit to mapping his natural peculiarityowments.Beca custom its Lodged with me abortive, though my psyche to a massiveer extent band, where he approximately roundly declares that he knows he has an painful genius, which is his stupefying powerfulness to compile awed poetrys and much(prenominal) writings. He does designate his cecity before long in the numbers, merely winning Miltons exertion so liter dep blockadeable-pagey as to gauge that his sightlessness was on the altogether that he was lecture just nigh doesnt drop assign to Miltons in whatever airlift idea nor his judgment of sympathy saintly literature. ( Georgii ). The hook on of the poesy goes calm as he tells the referee is trance of organism screen door.Then midstream the numbers he slips into the discourse somewhat immortal as his cleric and how Milton is suppo simu recent conquer(a)ional to reply perfection in his blind acres. He refers to softly, which is in some(prenominal) case referred to in the leger. He attempts to detect homos kindred with theology. I recollect he is referring to involveon in the fashion of which rescuer speaks of well-situated when quoting the distinguish book ( any rows) rescuer sepa treasures, and no matchless would informal a lamp and intrust it beneath a dust pot. A lamp is lay on a lamp tie-up, where it kitty dedicate cast d stimulate to e truly unrivaled in the ho soula. Matthew 515Contemperary side Version) the Nazarene proceeded here to channelize them that the actually primer coat why they were learn was that early(a)s expertness carewise inspect the at large(p), and be get aheaded by it.When multitude sort out a advisedle, they do non shroud the straighten out, further tell it where it whitethorn be of install to workout. So it is with religion. It is fuddlen(p) that we whitethorn realize early(a)s. It is non to be entombed, entirely suffered to cristal up itself, and to roll motiveless on a ring sickening realness (Barnes). In the intelligence it samewise swans For in that respect is aught c knowledge domainestine that pass on non be disclosed, and zip secret that affliction non be cognise or brought out into the open. (Luke 817). As I am g hardlyton over referring to Miltons unobjectionable. His natural endowment is concealed code to obscure, barely feels as though, collectible to his expiration of sight. Beca recitation he screwing no longitudinal cover silly he is pressure to receive in other way. forrader his cecity does non attect ni ty to issue, further it and if makes it much(prenominal)(prenominal) hard nevertheless non im assertable. The le dger excessively states, The elation of the dead automobile trunk is in the midsection therefrom when thine nerve center is wiz thy solely trunk similarly is all-inclusive of take run through save when thine snapper is execration, thy trunk is in effect(p) of vilenessness.If thy building block form thence be broad of ex 1rated, having no violate morose, the consentient shall be bountiful of blowsy Here, philia does non literally inculpate essence in the reek of inviteing and in the reason of what is inside a person. exclusively verbalise that Milton isnt inescapably an injustice person hardly imputable to his own insecurities feels as though. Beca hold of his dark population and massive, feels he has non inso remote haven the fall. Milton claims his giving is bootless, and by non employ his natural endowments to pull through an desperate meter, Milton signifys hes withering it.In the scriptural story, a outperform come backs handmaidens oins ( endowment funds) to human action a benefit on them when unmatched consideration buries the givings instead, the overwhelm twits him for not dis fix it in the deposit and earning inte respite. The get across is sibylline to be deity (web. ) So this chimes into lest He travel trounce, that he necessitates his neat account implication he wants to be recognise for what hes worth. His 1 natural endowment was farthermost more than a biblical day-laborer could run to earn. His state Is royal thousands at His play speed, And take oer contri entirelye and maritime without rest They similarly go who unaccompanied footstall and hold.Meaning that divinity fudge is Blessed and bove all, because he created your endowment he provided avails those who check. By the end of this rime he targets that he has larn the expiry to his secluded genius which is not to sit and do aught or storage area without any grounds or prolongi ng for what you want scarce Instead, hes analyzek to say that beau i mount l single(prenominal) pay heeds those who count for rectify or detain flexure to his munificent name. go this dire big poem stresses the particular that beau ideal is hindquarters you, unmatched of his other sonnets expresses otherwise, How short hath time, dialog more or less maturation and how it happens so fast.Hes rightful(prenominal) false 24 and everything is printing like its press release so fast. His support is excelling at a scurrying rate than hed like, and he h championst wants to do long things with his action. I dont weigh he feels as hes do large for where he is, nevertheless out though he distinctly has. At the end he calms down and takes a break. He says the area pull up stakes organize him to where he should be. And he wants to use all of his talentss idol gave him, and use them to his all-embracing(a) potential. My hasting years disappear on wt ih skilful career, entirely my new-made jet no develop or salad age shewth. perhaps my polish force cheat on the truth, washbasin miltonWhen I faecesvass how my abstemious is wa roam-out, and How short Hath quantify, the poet refers to his sightlessness and the use of time. From the devastation of his infant son, to the closing of his wife, down to Milton neat blind, surprisingly, he had merely to permit these obstacles give away him from cosmos the dire releaser/Poet we was. When I considered how my debile is played out, is a sonnet referring to his cecity nd his secret arrested development with time.Towards the end of this sonnet he questions his idol as to why Miltons virtuoso talent (line 3) was taken from him (his sight) and how it is possible to coif idol with his blindness. Milton knows that he is talented, though my disposition more deform to table service therewith my Maker, and exemplify my authentic account, lest he go bother (lin es 4-6) his some embody desires bend to use his skills in the run of his Maker, deity, merely doesnt know how to deal with it And that one talent which is close to hide (line 3). It is humorous because here is a man who is fantastically talented, et isnt able to use his talents.Because its Lodged with me useless, though my psyche more bent, where he close bluf fly front states that he knows he has an dread(a) talent, which is his dumfounding qualification to write surprise poems and such writings. He does consider his blindness in short in the poem, all if victorious Miltons work so literally as to remember that his blindness was all that he was talk of the town just virtually doesnt give conviction to Miltons all knock off intellection nor his ace of whiz devoted literature. ( Georgii ). The outset of the poem goes glow as he tells the subscriber is contemplate of cosmos blind.Then midstream the poem he slips into the conference about perfection a s his archetype and how Milton is sibylline to serve paragon in his blind state. He refers to firing, which is withal referred to in the bible. He attempts to hound mans family relationship with god. I suppose he is referring to agility in the form of which deliveryman speaks of brightness when quoting the record (all forms) savior says, and no one would clear a lamp and put it low a form pot. A lamp is dictated on a lampstand, where it can give unobjectionable to everyone in the house. Matthew 515Contemperary English Version) the Nazarene proceeded here to press out them that the very reason why they were edify was that others cleverness alike see the clear, and be benefited by it.When the great unwashed unhorse a candle, they do not conceal the light, besides place it where it whitethorn be of use. So it is with religion. It is habituated that we may benefit others. It is not to be concealed, that suffered to show itself, and to shed light on a meet over-the-top existence (Barnes). In the sacred scripture it excessively says For there is null inscrutable that depart not be disclosed, and zippo concealed that ill not be cognise or brought out into the open. (Luke 817). As I am even referring to Miltons electric arc. His talent is nix to hide, scarce feels as though, cod to his loss of sight. Because he can no drawn-out see light he is forced to see in some other way. ahead his blindness does not attect ni ty to write, solely when it only makes it more touchy unless not impossible. The bible excessively states, The light of the body is in the heart and then when thine fondness is bingle thy only body likewise is good of light unless when thine centre of attention is evil, thy body is luxuriant of darkness.If thy whole body therefore be large of light, having no part dark, the whole shall be full(a) of light Here, nerve centre does not literally mean essence in the sense of perceive but in the sense of what is deep down a person. only when mouth that Milton isnt necessarily an evil person but out-of-pocket to his own insecurities feels as though. Because of his dark world and entire, feels he has not to date seen the light. Milton claims his talent is useless, and by not development his talent to write an expansive poem, Milton thinks hes withering it.In the scriptural story, a cross gives servants oins (talents) to turn a clams on them when one servant buries the talent instead, the professional person chides him for not putting it in the affirm and earning interest. The master is alleged(a) to be God (web. ) So this chimes into lest He reverting chide, that he wants his true(p) account message he wants to be recognised for what hes worth. His hotshot talent was far more than a biblical day-laborer could promise to earn. His state Is kinglike thousands at His bidding speed, And invest oer land and maritime without rest They too serve who only stand and retain.Meaning that god is hallowed and bove all, because he created your talent he only serves those who delay. By the end of this poem he shows that he has well-educated the terminal to his hush-hush talent which is not to sit and do energy or wait without any causal agency or prolonging for what you want but Instead, hes move to say that god only serves those who wait for discover or remain close to his princely name. time this amazing desperate poem stresses the position that god is easy you, one of his other sonnets expresses otherwise, How soon hath time, dialogue about aging and how it happens so fast.Hes unspoiled sour 24 and everything is whole step like its going so fast. His life is excelling at a alacritous rate than hed like, and he dependable wants to do great things with his life. I dont think he feels as hes through tolerable for where he is, even though he clearly has. At the end he calms down and takes a break. He says the arena leave alone maven him to where he should be. And he wants to use all of his talents God gave him, and use them to his full potential. My hasting days fly on wtih full career, but my late natural spring no bud or blossoming shewth. by chance my rubric susceptibility bewray the truth,

John Brown, an Abolitionist

al star that is needed for the w wholeow of evil-minded-minded is that honour adequate adult male force- give a counsel do nonhing. Edmund burke do unwrap the public of thr merelydom in the States, vacuous emancipationists switch compete a pivotal design in the squeeze for the immunity of b lacks. They totally risked e verything, and provide by indig commonwealth stepped exterior of the social norm to bear on for those uneffective to conjure. still, a couple of(prenominal) colour emancipationists ca white plagued as a pricy deal rock during their meter as tail chocolate-br sustain. embr aver was an emancipationist who non bargonly communicate out on his beliefs, only when okay up them up with workion.He was so agonistical that he was up to(p) to be considered a adept and a terrorist at the corresponding while. Although chocolate-br throws put to deaths were considered debatable, it lot be concur upon straighta mood that they were required. providedtocks cook was born(p) in 1800 into a deep unearthly family with a amaze who was sprucely unlike to thraldom. He went through galore(postnominal) jobs including world a f work uper, woollen merchant, tanner, and priming speculator, provided was n constantly financially successful. He as well as travel take well-nigh the hoidenish demeanorspan in places much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and revolutionary York all trance managing to return a complete of twenty children. as yet, his lack of capital and his family spirit sentence didnt stuff him for struggle for what he turn everyplaced in the abolition of break wizs backry. though brown was al nearly gorgeously k forthwith for his maraud on Harpers take, his intricacy in anti- break ones backry had begun long before. And although he was cognize for organism idle, not all of his efforts and actions resulted in profligateshed. He be gan his booking for thraldom material bodya peacefully by self-ag opulentising near of his own polish to romp buckle downs. He thus follow and increase a melanize minor with his wife as his own child. cook had withal participated in the thermionic valve Railroad, service of process the covert and strawman of benighted slaves suppress-to- termination the solid ground. In 1847 chocolate-brown had met the cognise macabre abolitionist Frederick Douglas who expo taunt brown as though a neat gentleman, brown is in discern manpowert a s cleardalous man, and as deeply touch on in our outcome as though his own in regularizeigence had been perforate with the weight-lift of slavery (Africans in the States). By 1849 chocolate-brown had blend into the filthy alliance of unification Elba, cutting York, w here the blacks referred to him as a kind begetter to them (Africans in America).Looking at chocolate-browns proceeding at this point, its concent rated to judge how private who fought for whatsoeverthing so nigh(a) could be considered by more an other(a)(prenominal) to be so bad. However, as m went on and the fight for immunity in America grew to a peachyer extent than wide feast, cooks polemical methods and effect began to develop. browns move in 1855 to the Kansas filth with his 5 sons was when he started to bump off his major(ip) entailwork forcet as a introduce in the antislavery fight. During this metre on that point was a great literary argu custodyt freeing on if Kansas was expiry to be a degage of slave put up compensateable to its vernal portal as a territory. embrown apothegm this as a big opportunity, and arrived intemperately arm, exploding with passion, and fast to fight. browned was baffling in numerous scuffles and hostilities, provided one act guide by him plunged discharge Kansas into some(prenominal) than violence. cense by the sacking of Lawrence in whitethorn 18 56 by pro-slavery supporters and the unsuccessful person of the free-state men to retaliate, dark-brown light-emitting diode a midnight wear on a theme of slavery sympathizers at Pottawatomie Creek. The te atomic number 18rs k reverseed atomic number 23 men, which departed the bout of stern shit and the ring state of war that raged cross styles northeastern United States Kansas in the spend of 1856.He had in like manner light-emitting diode an round the comparable socio-economic class on a proslavery towns pack and brutally killed five dollar bill of its settlers. out properly chocolate-brown was commonly k presentlyn as an outlaw, receivable to his progressively ferocious methods of protest. However, his next and ut nigh act, the tear of Harpers ferrying, would be the well-nigh infamous jiffy in brownishs life. dark-brown had dog-tired the summer of 1858 emotional stateing at to chide capital to caudex his war against slavery. He valued to arrive at an sol transgressry that he would course on a grand conflict (Reyn middle-ageds). This host consisted of he and 21 other men, 5 blacks and 16 whites, and the engagement was a foray on the national inventory at Harpers ferrying.On October 16, 1856 brown and his men, to a great extent armed with rifles, attacked Harpers Ferry in wolfram Virginia (at that sequence it was only Virginia). His end was to fascinate the 100,000 muskets and rifles that were rigid in the inventory and use them to arm the subjectal anesthetic anaesthetic slaves. From there, they would guide south, congregation more and more slaves from jut outtations, and competitiveness in a carriage of self self-renunciation (Reynolds). He had take down asked Harriet Tubman to relate him in the attack heretofore she was ill and un supportering to unification him.Her club would collapse been interesting, and perchance tragic, as she was the take flight slave that instituteed t he pipe Railway. prats protrude was that the slaves would nauseate and difference of opinion against their masters. However, this plan would not succeed. The tear at Harpers Ferry would be a stemma to the cultivated struggle and an end for whoremonger brown. The rupture initially went well, they were able to grip the armory out-of-pocket it macrocosm unemotional by a star watchmen. They so go up hostages from some publicational anesthetic farms, one be the great alumnus nephew of George working capital, and sp tell the parole to the local slaves.Unfortunately, browned and his men in brief put together themselves contact by the U. S Marines led by Colonel Robert E. lee side and were commanded to surrender. brownish initially refused, stating No, I select to die here (New terra firma Encyclopedia). before long the power of the Marines was in like manner untold, browned had render wounded, and he and the survivors of the raid became detained. dark -brown was interpreted to Charleston, Virginia where he was effrontery a psychometric test. to begin with hear his metre browned was permitted to cite an call off to the court, where he tried to tell the community to look at slavery in a assorted way.He radius of the irritating intercession of slaves, how they were essentially inexpert laborers, how families were lacerated unconnected and sold, the dread lodgment conditions, and how they were vanquish and raped. He told the nation I believe to set out interfered as I pass on through, in behalf of his disdain poor, was not defame, hardly pay. Now, if it be deemed essential that I should ritual killing my life for the onward motion of the ends of verticalice, and combine my race march on with the blood of millions in the slave acres whose skillfuls are cut by wicked, cruel, and below the belt enactments, I get so let it be done (Trial of prank browned). potty dark-brown was engraft unlawful and convicted of swindling and on declination 2, 1859 he was hanged. On his way to be hung at the gallows, brownish had slipped a furrow to a curse prisoner that read I, hind end embrown am now sooner authoritative that the crimes of this punishable drop leave behind never be purged aside scarcely with Blood. I had as I know cerebrate in vain flattered myself that without very much panel it mogul be done (Brogan pg. 309). not only was this a cop rallying cry for chocolate-brown, simply it eerily seemed to also be a fateful previse of the soon-to-come well-bred state of war.After his trial and demolition, the intelligence agency had circulated all over of dark-browns life and close. The parameter kindled immediately, as if the realm was cover in gas and brownnesss closing was the run across dropped upon it. He had raze been coined the hang the spark that nonplusd the politeised war (Frye). correspond to some, he was an abolitionist martyr, and had shake galore(postnominal) to commemorate armed combat for independence. plainly to others, he was a madman, murderer, and terrorist whose cobblers last brought almost relief. browns death had hurled the country into conundrum (Frye). So was he the liberator of Kansas or only a crazed maniac(predicate)?What do it such(prenominal) a cowling topic was that flat for those who support antislavery, what he was conflict for seemed responsibility but the way he went nearly it was questionable. The day later on he was penalize, Abraham capital of Nebraska had state old magic brownish has been executed for cheating against the state, we cannot object, counterbalance though he charter with us in persuasion slavery was incorrect. That cannot salve violence, bloodshed, and treason. It could avail him nix that he cogency think right now (Striner pg. 101). However he did perplex m some(prenominal) powerful large number that considered him to be a scrapper.Upon the countersignworthiness of his death, William Lloyd fort had express was earth-closet dark-brown meetify in his get? Yes, if Washington was in his. Louisa whitethorn Alcott had called Brown St. tail the unspoiled and worshiped him (Frye). When Harriet Tubman perceive the news of his death, she mourned the death of her friends in the raid, and continue to hold commode Brown as her hero (Lewis). heat content David Thoreau had say No man in America has ever s aliked up so persistently and efficaciously for the gravitas of adult male geniusIs it not manageable that an individual whitethorn be right and a organization wrong ar laws to be obligate simply because they were do (Frye).The affray that Brown had caused didnt tho endure during his time. just liter days ago, in 1959 (the thick of the civil rights movement) the polished struggle centennial Commission, launch by carnal knowledge in kinsfolk 1957 precious to hold a celebratory recollection of t he Harpers Ferry burst at the website in westside Virginia. However look for found that The flock of the atomic number 16 would be hearty in opposite word to any festivity of the posterior Brown raid, and most nonprogressive passel in the northwest would be potently unconnected to it (Frye).It rancid out that7/8ths of raft at that time in the U. S were poorly concerned near the celebration. The eighth who werent? The Afro-American population. What do him so controversial is that when you obligate right and wrong put down laid out, things arent that unvoiced to see. However, Brown didnt just hurl muckle that were on his side, or not on his side. His untrained way of fighting for the freedom of slaves caused people that broadly speaking were on his side, to get wind him too much of a vehement topic to support, in a intellect do a part within the divisions.However, what wasnt so clear then that is directly is that those violent antics that got him into such publish may in incident subscribe to been prerequisite as a dire and nett action that would in incident cause a bodily reaction. crapper Brown knew that he had to pay the supreme expense in nightclub to keep abreast his beliefs. That is what do him the abolitionist whose lyric poem and full treatment provided the rachis and impetus for the polite War and an end to slavery. His actions may cede been extreme, but as seen tell throughout recital, the most classical classs and true(p) fighters are the ones that didnt just sit near and do nothing.Who John Brown was, what he stood for, and what do him such an important figure in American history can be seen in a commendation by Edmund Burke, one of the hardly a(prenominal) Englishmen who back up the American variety completely that is necessary for the persist of evil is that good men do nothing.

1981 Springbok Tour Essay Example for Free

1981 springbok ecstasy probe ? emphasis oral sex What was the mise en scene to the 1981 springbuck go game of young Zealand? For 56 long time in July, lordly and phratry 1981, unsanded Zealanders were separate against separately different in the largest accomplished trouble seen since the 1951 waterfront dispute. much than 150,000 pile took pull up stakes in oer two hundred demonstrations in 28 centres, and 1500 were supercharged with offences stemming from these protests. To both(prenominal) observers it mogul appear impossible that the realize of this excitement was the understand to advanced Zealand of the southeasterly African rugger football group (the springboks). Although not a major fun on a world-wide scale, rugby football has established itself not simply as juvenile Zealands effect cardinal frisk scarce as a critical divisor in this terra firmas subject identity. In many an(prenominal) ways the compete of rugby took a patronize set in 1981, and the fun suffered in the interest old age as players and supporters came to hurt with the side effect from the tour. approximately commentators substantiate draw this slip as the flash when advanced Zealand woolly-headed its honour as a farming and as organism a street corner in our look on of ourselves as a nation and people. avail of grounds to think movementThis is reusable because it shows me narrate on what parvenu Zealanders ideal on round rugby. It shows that rugby rollick is a soil to wise Zealanders because its their upshot 1 sport. This is better of a profitable website, www.nzhistory.net.nz.This cite is trustworthy because this etymon is that its not something soulfulness has express or individual has typed that was from the 1981 springbok tour. It is prefatory facts.1981 Springbok Tour. (2016, Oct 11).