Home Tech Essay -- essays research papers

The Toilet Yes...those tales youve heard are true.The toilet was first patented in England in 1775,invented by hotshot Thomas Crapper, but theextraordinary automatic device called the flushtoilet has been around for a long time. LeonardoDa Vinci in the 1400s designed ace that worked,at least on paper, and Queen Elizabeth I reputablyhad one in her palace in Richmond in 1556,complete with flushing and overflow pipes, a bowlvalve and a drain trap. In all versions, ancient andmodern, the working principle is the same.Tripping a single lever (the handle) sets in motion aseries of actions. The trip handle lifts the seal, usually a rubber flapper, allowing water to flowinto the bowl. When the tank car is nearly empty, theflap falls back in model over the water emergelet. Afloating ball falls with the water level, opening thewater supply inlet valve just as the outlet is organismclosed. Water flows through the bowl refill tubeinto the overflow pipe to replenish the trap sealingwater. A s the water level in the tank nears the topof the overflow pipe, the float closes the inletvalve, completing the cycle. From the oldest ofgadgets in the bathroom, lets turn to one of thenewest, the toothpaste pump. Sick and tired oftoothpaste squeezed all over your sink andfaucets? Does your spouse neer ever roll downthe tube and continually squeezes it in the middle?Then the toothpaste pump is for you When youpress the button it pushes an internal, valleculad roddown the tube. around the bottom of the rod is apiston, supported by little metal flanges called"dogs", which seat themselves in the grooves onthe rod. As the rod moves down, the dogs slideout of the groove theyre in and click into the oneabove it. When you release the button, the springbrings the rod back up carrying the piston with it,now seated one notch higher. This pushesone-notchs-worth of toothpaste out of the nozzle.A measured amount of toothpaste every time andno more goo on the sink. Refrigerators Over 90percent of all North American homes withelectricity have refrigerators. It seems to be theone appliance that North Americans can just notdo without. The machines popularity as a foodpreserver is a relatively recent phenomenon,considering that the principles were known asearly as 1748. A liquid absorbs heat from itssurroundings when it evaporates into a gas a gasrelease... ... simply are sold every day in North America. Inkfeeds by gravity through five veins in a nose cone,usually made of brass, to a tungsten carbide ball.During the composition process, the ball rotates, pickingup a continuous ink supply through the nose coneand transferring it to the writing paper. The ball isa perfect sphere, which must fit precisely into theextremely smooth nose cone socket so that it willrotate freely stock-still be held tightly in place so thatthere is an even ink flow. Although it soundsdeceptively simple, perhaps the most amazingthing about ball-point pens is the ink. wherefore doesntit just run out the end? Why doesnt it dry up in theplastic cartridge? Bic describes the ink as"exclusive, fast-drying, yet free menstruum". Theformula is, of course, secret. In the 19th century,writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emersonexpressed a fear that perhaps we all feel to someextent, that "things are in the institutionalize and rideMankind". But with the help of good householdreference books, friendly reference librarians, andhelpful manufacturers only too willing to helpconsumers apprehend their products, we can atleast get a rein on the technology in our homes.

Child Development and the Process of Learning Essays -- Biology, Early

Before children learn to use language to let their needs and wants be known they first learn to read, understand adults behaviour as well as responding through behaviour (Bishop and Baird, 2007). Challenging behaviour contributes to childrens social-emotional development through expressing their feelings and reacting to certain experiences with or without control (Berk, 2006). earlier childhood teachers struggle to deal and to help children with contest behaviour that teachers themselves are searching for answers and solution. Teachers should know about challenging behaviour or do they drive home enough knowledge to help themselves when facing this situation. Therefore is disciplining the children the same as positive focusing? This review will consider these questions using literary productions from articles and question in early childhood education and special education. Teachers struggle when dealing with challenging behaviour especially when a child refused to listen but no t only that they throw themselves on the ground, kicking and screaming. Bishop and Baird (2007) explain challenging behaviour from the childrens point of view as their way of communicating that something is not cover with their experience using pain or distress. In addition, children with no self control, maturity, less understanding and dont know how to express emotions appropriately or tiredness respond through challenging behaviour (Flicker & Hoffman, 2002). As children with challenging behaviour find it hard to communicate to adults and their peers, Neece & Baker (2008) examined children of intellectual disabilities and how it affects the parents. Children with both challenging behaviour and anti-social skills stress the parents because they do not know how to de... ...ctual disabilities. Finally as an early childhood teacher studying I declare found this literature review very educational and helpful to my practice. To be a caring teacher I should be able to understand and p rovide positive guidance for the children with challenging behaviour. Using good observation and collaboration with parents and the communities will create knowledge, skills and strategies to use effective discipline for the children. As for myself I learnt the importance of working in a positive relationship with the parents, to respect and more understanding in their situation. It is my responsibility to use observation, reflection, goal setting and self-evaluation to generate and share new ideas. It would have been useful to have some New Zealand research or article that may include the New Zealand and Pacific Islands perspectives about challenging behaviour.

Loneliness and Acceptance Essay -- First Person Narrative Examples

I determine uncomfortable in my own world. Being alone unnerves me. I always go for felt the rent to allot my world, my mind and my feelings with somebody. My feelings about myself seem less important than what others think of me. Im scared of being lonely. And so are we all. We all seem to be on a continuous search for someone who will really love and understand us. Someone to provide us with a purpose for life. And yet I think we are all essentially alone. We are alone in our thoughts an emotions. The first time I really felt alone was when I was expiration Kentucky. We were at the airport saying our last good-byes. I was leaving everything and everyone that I loved, understood, cared for, to come and study in the Bay area. I was leaving familiar grease and moving into an unknown, unfamiliar world. I was saying good-bye to multitude who I had either grown up with or those who had seen me grow up. All my memories and emotions were attached to them. They were people who I tho ught really knew me and understood me. Yet every one of them had their own impression of how I should feel. Excitement, joy, fear, and sadness being the most popular. However nix really knew what I was feeling. I felt all these emotions blended into an unique emotion of my own. One that I could not share with even my best friend. When I expressed my fears and anxiety about leaving Kentucky, no one seemed to really listen to what I was saying. They kept saying it would be alright. I was mature and near an adult and the Western world with its great material temptations wouldnt corrupt me. But in my mind I felt isolated. I wanted them to sit and feel my anguish with me. But they wanted to pacify me, console me as though I were a baby. At that time I fel... ...e or friendship. We are taught that we dont have an identity if we are alone. Which is why we treat loneliness as a disease, one to be avoided at any cost. Loneliness is viewed as an inadequacy of our personalities. though all of us are taught to be independent, our independence is superficial. We can cook, clean, and do our laundry but we cant seem to take care of our emotions independently. We are taught that we need to share all our emotions. And I believe that however hard we search we can never get the kind of understanding that we are looking for. We are taught to be uncomfortable in our own world. Society conditions us to believe that we are inadequately equipped to be alone and content. And that alone always means lonely. plant life Cited Macdonald, Elizabeth. Odalisque Encounters (Edt. Pat C. Hoy, Robert DiYanni) The Mc.Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Geothermal Energy: A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera :: Energy Geothermal Papers

Geothermal Energy A General Overview with Specific Reference to the Long Valley Caldera IntroductionGeothermal energy is a attend that uses heated ground weewee to turn turbines that produce electricity. The water is warmed by the earths natural heat. Geothermal energy was first developed by Count Lardarel of Lardarello, Tuscany in 1827 (Geothermal.marin). Since wherefore many other countries have developed geothermal technology, yet it is a resource that remains mostly untapped. As the need to find alternative burn sources grows, geothermal energy becomes an interesting option for potential future energy production.Geothermal energy production involves a complex set of issues. First it is meaning(a) to place geothermal energy in context of todays energy needs. Currently, one of the ongoing dilemmas of energy use is the worldwide allocation of resources and general rate of consumption. at bottom this essay, I will illustrate a brief history of energy use and development. Ge othermal energy can only be produced in feature geological settings. Only compasss with recent volcanic activity can produce the heat needed for geothermal production. Therefore, a basic understanding of tectonic surface movement and volcanology is required to understand the production of geothermal energy. I intend to give a general background on the geological settings infallible for the production of geothermal energy production. Lastly, I will center on one region in particular, namely the Long Valley Caldera in California. This is an area that is saturated with historical and present volcanic activity. The recent volcanic activity makes it an area that is perfect for geothermal energy production. I will discuss in particular the Mammoth Pacific plant that operates in Mammoth Lakes. What is Geothermal Energy?The production of geothermal energy is a way of utilizing heat that is created by volcanic activity to produce electricity. Within a geothermal system, grou nd water is heated by magma chambers to temperatures as high as 450 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the temperature of the water depends on the geothermal gradient. A gradient signifies how deep below the surface the heated water is. The deeper down the water is in the earth, the hotter it will be (this is called a steep geothermal gradient). The water either reaches the surface of the earth naturally in the form of geysers, fumaroles, or hot springs or it must be drilled.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay -- Hyperactivity C

You affirm probably heard and may even have used the term hyperactivity. The notion is a modern one there were no hyperactive children 50 to 60 years ago. Today, if anything, the term is applied as well often and too widely. The Ameri arouse Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) estimates that all teachers have in their classrooms at least one child with hyperkinetic syndrome (Simmons, RG. 1993). Actually, hyperactivity is not one particular condition it is a set of behaviors such as excessive restlessness and short attention span that be quantitatively and qualitatively different from those children of the same sex, mental age, and socioeconomic status (Gutskey, T.R. 1991). Today most psychologists agree that the main problem for children labeled hyperactive is directing and maintaining attention, not simply controlling their material activity. The Ameri fucking Psychiatric Association has established a diagnostic category called attention-deficit/hyperactivity diso rder (ADHD) to identify children with this problem.What are the signs of ADHDProfessionals who identify ADHD use the diagnostic criteria set forth by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders the twenty-five percent edition of this manual, known as the DSM-IV, was released in May 1994 (Soar, R.S. & Soar, R.M. 1994). The primary features associated with the disability are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. A child with ADHD is usually described as having a short attention span and as being distractible. In actuality, distractibility and inattentiveness are not synonymous. Distractibility refers to the short attention span and the ease with which some children can be pulled off task. Attention, on the other hand, is a process that has different part. We focus (pick something on which to pay attention), we select (pick something that needs attention at that moment), and we prevent (pay attention for as long as is needed). We also resist (avoid things that remove our attention from where it needs to be), and we shift (move our attention to something else when needed). When we refer to someone as distractible, we are saying that a part of that persons attention process is disrupted. Children with ADHD can have difficulty with one or all parts of the attention process. Some children may... ...to become effective. Deliver negative consequences in a firm, business-like way without emotion, lectures, or long-winded explanations (Cohan, E.G. 1986).I believe that teachers and parents need to be sure of the symptoms of ADHD. It is essential to understand how those symptoms impact the childs ability to function at home, in school, and in social situations. When the adults in the childs life understand the nature of the disorder, they are discontinue able to structure situations to enable the child to behave appropriately and achieve success. It is important to remember that the child who has di fficulty with attention, impulse control, and in regulating physical activity needs help and encouragement to manage these problems. I feel that a classroom environment that is rich in structure, support and encouragement can nurture success in all students. Completing this research paper has been an effective tool in reinforcing these concepts. Brain scan images produced by positron liberation tomography (PET) show the differences between an individual with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (right) and someone without the disease (left) (Zametkin et. al. 1990).

The Role of Women in the Caholic Church :: essays research papers

Role of Women in the Roman Catholic churchWomen in the Catholic Church take on galore(postnominal) roles, from parishioner to laywoman to nuns. Women parishioners help prepare for the mass. They can be lectors, choir members, CCD instructors, etc. Laywomen are the Catholic women traditionally permitted certain ministerial responsibilities (Wessinger, 244). They work in churches, schools, prisons, etc. Nuns dedicate their lives to religious devotion. They take three vows poverty, chasity, and obedience. They are to live simple lifestyles. They live their lives teaching others and helping others.In 1995, at the Fourth World Conference on Women, in Beijing, the pope statedToday I appeal to the whole Church community to be willing to foster female participation in every way in its internal life. This is certainly not a new commitment, since it is inspired by the example of Christ himself.nevertheless, he also involved women in the cause of his kingdom indeed he wanted them to be the first witnesses and heralds of his resurrection. In fact, there are many women who have distinguished themselves in the Churchs history by their holiness and hardworking ingenuity.The pope also stated that the feminine presence could be seen through, theological teaching, the forms of liturgical ministry permitted, including service at the alter, pastoral and administrative councils A year later, according to a research project, The Notre Dame national of Catholic Parish Life, many women have assumed parish responsibilities. The following percentages of ministerial activities done by women reveal alter preparation 85 percent, teaching 80 percent, tender caring and justice ministries 85 percent, parish council leadership 52 percent (Wessinger, 246).. Church practice is - to a large extent - womens practice. Without the unpaid cooperation of women, important pastoral activities would stop. A fair number of women choose to give their time and efforts to the church, rather than take paid employment. Many times these women are over looked.There are many questions as to why women can not become priests. Women can not receive the Sacrament of Orders and cannot fulfill the function of ministerial priest hood. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states, Only a baptized man validly receives the sacred ordination.

Chinese and Australian Consumer Behaviour

These advantages buttocks be gained through understanding what require the Chinese place the cost Importance on In regards to the hierarchy and what type of gull disposition can be created to almost effectively mark the Chinese market. Introduction Cross Culture Analysis A cross- heathenish study is a beneficial tool undertaken to effectively understand the foreign countries involved In ex changing goods Inter terra firmaally. Marketers evidently desire to efficiently export large measures of goods and run to various developed countries.If the complex procedure of understanding the major alterations between Chinas and Australias consumer behavior is effectively established a result of costive outlooks and increased mail recognition bequeath be identified. According to the Australian Embassy, China is Australias largest trading take offner thus allowing a beneficial pic for further acknowledgment and marketing opportunities for an Australian exporter. China may be classif ied as a collectivist culture (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004).Collectivist cultures argon defined by their ability to malignant strong connections inside their hosts and in order to belong, individuals argon strongly influenced by other peers or family members to follow similarities within one familiarity (Horn, Merritt, Sun 2004). They display a higher(prenominal) school affect for social recognition and status and consume goods to communicate a symbolic expression of their status and prestige (Clans, Gambler, 2003). For example, the Chinese drink wine on special occasions to belong, but also to stress their status and prestige (Lulu, Murphy, 2007).As an exporting opportunity Australian marketers can capitalist on this by accentuate their wine harvest-feasts to be a sign of prestige to target the Chinese collectivist culture. Australia on the other hand is viewed to require deferent cultural beliefs the nation is defined as a strongly individualistic culture. This fashion indivi duals within Australia desire to express their unique traits with a minimum influence by others (Lee, asquint 2000) which Is In opposition to the Chinese.As an Individualistic culture, Australia has a greater tendency to be self-enhancing than collectivist cultures, and associates achievement with the individual rather than the group (which is typical of the Chinese culture) (Nevis 1983). Although these twain countries give birth strong dissimilarities, marketers must take into account Australias and Chinas similarities in consumer behavior, as there might be potential for an Australian exporter to succeed. Although In order to satisfactorily establish exporting analysis between the countries consumer behavior characteristics.The various differences in culture and temper must be used adequately to capture the target audience. Moscow pecking order of Needs and Consumer Behavior Mascots Hierarchy of Human Needs is a classification of five prefatory human necessarily ranking in order of most important to least important. The first is physiological, which includes the need for food and water, followed by safety and security need (protection, stability), social needs (friendship and belong), ego needs (status, restive) and self actualization (self-fulfillment) as the final need (Bedlam et al. 2010).This hierarchy can be applied to goods and services in determining what level of needs they compensate and help marketers segment the on a needs basis. some people in monastic order express these needs, though in slightly different paths. Most needs could be classified under this hierarchy which makes it useful for marketers when segmenting (Bedlam et al. 2010). The theory of the hierarchy states that once lower levels needs are satisfied, again new (and chill out higher) needs emerge To be fulfilled (Moscow, 943 p. 375). Which m everywhere that it is only once lower needs are satisfied, do higher needs emerge to be fulfilled (Bedlam et al. 010). For consu mers this means that they will only buy products to fulfill higher needs once their lower needs have been satisfied. For marketers this becomes important when positioning on a needs basis as the demographics of the country may not allow those people to fulfill their higher social needs if their basic physiological needs arent being met. Or it may mean that only a small percentage of the population would be marketable to if they hold most f the wealth of the country. Importantly if marketers design a product to meet the sensed needs of consumers, consumers are more likely to choose that product over competitors.In this panache the needs hierarchy can be used as a basis on which to build the benefits the product can offer to the consumer, through fulfilling a need, making it more likely they will consume that product over competitors. Marketers can also bring about the arousal of needs through advertising, and the product they are trying to sell can become the consumers goal specifi c product (Bedlam et al. 2010). This is ultimately the aim of the product. Therefore an understanding of Mascots hierarchy is important when segmenting the market.It can allow marketers to position to a segment on a needs basis and even create the arousal of need, of which the product can become a product specific goal. The Effect of Culture on Mascots Hierarchy of Needs As was described earlier, in the previous section, Mascots Hierarchy of Needs identifies the five basic levels of human needs. While generally accepted because it reflects the needs of most people in an individualistic society, it cannot be applied to all cultures. This is because despite the fact that most people express primary or physiological needs, acquired needs are leant in response to ones culture (Bedlam et al. 010). The Chinese and Australians will therefore place their needs with differing important to marketers when considering which needs basis to segment on. According to Nevis (1983), Mascots Hierarchy of needs is a reflection of an individualistic culture such as Australia and America, and therefore cant be applied to the Collectivist Chinese culture. Nevis (1983) proposes the Chinese culture subverts the traditional model by placing belongingness as the first basic need, allowed by physiological, safety needs and self-actualization in service of society at the top.This new hierarchy reflects the collectivist traits of the Chinese culture high family and group orientation (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003), the expression of self as part of a group ( blood brother, father, son, husband but never as self) and gaining meaning through interaction with society. Belonging is therefore the basis of the Chinese society (Nevis 1983). For marketers this means positioning products in relation to the products acceptance by the targeted consumers social and family groups.This is an important approach to take regardless of what needs basis is segmented, as Chinese consumers will look to their social gr oups for guidance when buying a product rather than the offers and benefits presented to them before purchasing (Ability, Frank, Anemia, Achievement 2011). This is reflected in the pup commercial targeted at the Chinese consumer (See appendix 1). While the drink is targeting a psychological need in Mascots Hierarchy, a large part of the ad focuses on the acceptance of the drink by the family, which is reflecting the immensity of family orientation to the Chinese nonuser and their need for belongingness.While the Chinese have self- actualization at the top like individualistic cultures, they differ to Australia, in that they fulfill this need through their success as being part of a group as opposed to being recognized individually (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). This is echoed in their low personal identity score of 20. Australia on the other hand has an individualism score of 90 and is reflected in its beliefs that an achieved goal is the result of the individual. Chinese culture also has a high degree of face, which is evident in the subverted Hierarchy.Consumption in China has a strong social association because of its high degree of face whereby Chinese consumers fulfill their needs through placing more emphasis on publicly visible possessions (ABA, Us, Chou, 2003, p. 737). This socio-cultural characteristic reflects the need for belongingness and acceptance by social and family groups. Furthermore, high face also means Chinese consumers are more likely to buy luxury products as a symbol of social status, and prestige of the family, rather than an expression of self as is common in individualistic societies such as Australia (Cyanic, Gambler, 2003).High face suggests a bigger social need and indicates reference group influence is much larger in collectivist cultures than individualistic cultures, and this supports the subverted Hierarchy model with belongingness as the first need for the Chinese Collectivist culture (ABA, et al. 2003). The implications of thi s for marketers when exporting means centering products on their acceptance by the target market reference groups when segmenting on a needs basis.Positioning to the Chinese on product benefits is less important as they are more likely to look to the group when buying a product than the benefits it provides Cyanic, Gambler, 2003). Overall for marketers, understanding how culture affects the Hierarchy of needs is detrimental when positioning as not all cultures place the same emphasis on the same needs. Brand personality is an association of a provoker whereby it is imbued with human-like personality traits (Bedlam et al. 2010 p. 108). Human personality traits are developed on the basis of an individuals behaviors, characteristics, beliefs, and demographic characteristics.However, brand personality traits are formed and influence by the consumers interaction with the brand, the culture from which the consumer comes long with the way that the marketers attempt to portray the brand in the eyes of its consumers (Luau, Papua 2001). For marketers, the aim of creating a brand personality is to create an identity to which consumers can respond emotionally positively towards, and to extend themselves through the brand (Bedlam et al. 2010). If the brand closely reflects the personality of the consumer, they are more likely to respond positively towards that brand and buy from it (Wee, 2003).By extension, brand personality can be seen as a reflection of the cultures in which the brand is surrounded by (Gerhardt, Houston 2001). For example, the Chinese place emphasis on harmony and relationships (Nevis 1983) and this in tern is reflected in the brand personalities aimed at the Chinese. When Audio marketed their brand to China in a TV commercial (See Appendix 2) the car isnt shown until the rattling end of the ad, until after several happy relationships have been shown. The aim was to try and make a connection between the car and the relationships it allows people to hav e, creating a brand image of relationships and connectedness.Chinese brand personalities, which keep in consistency with heir cultural collectivist traits, tend to portray belongingness and the brand as an avenue to express their acceptance by society and group members (Luau, Papua 2001). Whereas in the Individualistic culture of Australia, brand image is much more likely to take on an individualistic approach as Australian consumers are more likely to purchase brands they deem suitable for themselves (Lam, Lee, 2005 p. 165). As a result Australian brand images take on a self-centered approach that stress sophistication and express the persons personality rather than acceptance by the group.Consumers in individualistic cultures are also less likely to surrogate brands (Lam, Lee 2005). This could be due to personality being relatively stable (Bedlam et al. 2010), so Australians are expected to keep expressing themselves through the same brand that matches their personality. in so far fashion and status are constantly changing within groups, so collectivist consumers (such as the Chinese) are more likely to switch brands to belong to the changing influences of their peer groups. (Luau, Papua 2001).For marketers this means creating a brand personality for collectivist cultures hat are primarily fashionable and seen as acceptable by the consumers peer groups, spell in individualistic cultures the brand personality must align with the personality of the consumer to be received positively. This idea of brand personality influenced by culture is snappy for marketers to position their product in the eyes of consumers. If a consumer associates a product in a different light to the way the marketers are promoting it, it can have detrimental effects towards the longevity of the good.Subsequently, the opposite can happen, whereby the consumers take a greater liking o the good, and increasing the marketability of the product. Global branding brings forth an exposure t o an increasingly culturally-diverse audience. In order for Australian marketers to understand the distinctly unique dimensions of brand personality in the Chinese market, it is vital to consider the socio-cultural characteristics that underpin Chinese consumer behavior and preferences. Chant, Saunders, Taylor and SHCOON (2003 p. ) note that consumers seek brands with congruent personalities (to their own), and use brands personality to define their sense of self. Furthermore, these unique needs of consumers and owe they identify, relate, and associate themselves to brand personalities alongside the inextricably linked pressures of sparing, lifestyle and cultural conditions, must be considered collectively in order for marketers to successfully market their firms offerings (Bedlam et al. 2010). Hefted (2001) puts forth that the dimensions of Chinas cultural differences are shown by a high degree of long-term orientation and collectivism.Unlike individualistic societies such as Aus tralia, collectivist cultures support and adhere to standards and consumption decisions on a group axis (family, extended family, network of friends and community) in effect, providing the framework within which Chinese individuals and households function. Confucianism, the dominant philosophical influence in China, is an ideology that reiterates this collective nature, as good as the importance of these interpersonal relationships and interactions, the notion of face, and the concept of hierarchy.In addition, education level, sex, age and standard of living all influence how foreign brands are perceived in the Chinese market (Chin (3)). A recent study conducted by Chug and Sung (201 1), identified a six dimensional framework of brand rationalities present in China. They consisted of Competence, Excitement, and Sophistication (Chug, Sung, 2001 p. L) notions matching with those found in individualistic societies like Australia, and culture-specific dimensions such as Traditionalism, Joyfulness, and Trendiest.Through this research, Chug and Sung (2011) demonstrate that through establishing a Chinese brand personality structure marketers are able to identify the coexistence of both Chinese traditionalism and the implementations of Western modernization on cultural values in modern China. This means that in the past three decades, the Chinese market has increasingly opened p to the West, in a way that does not fighting with deeply rooted cultural norms.This notion is reflected in the consumer behavior of todays young middle-class aspiring Chinese consumers whom are increasingly becoming the most plentiful consumer class in china (Powel, 2011 p. 40). Powel (2011) proposes Mr.. And Mrs.. Middle Class are increasingly extending their brand preferences as a result of breaking down the barriers between cultures. However, cultural transitions are not intended to comply with Confucianism, rather, the role of brand personality becomes an avenue to express wealth, succe ss, youth and the modernity of institution (Chin (3) p. 8). It is through these cultural characteristics and ties with economic and social factors, that perceptions towards brand personality exists among consumers from a society that is more culturally conditioned. In order to maximize exporting opportunities, adaptation is a necessity. Successful brands have philosophy a shift from the traditional marketing concept to the more appropriate conceptualization of societal marketing (Bedlam et al. 2010).Unlike Australians whom project high levels of uniqueness and individuality in their consumption patterns, Chinese consumers rely on the importance of social interaction in making consumer based decisions. It is assumed that the recommendations and comments from others play a very important role in the choice of brand (Chin (3) p. 7). This notion is reflected in the Chinese commercial for milk (See Appendix 3) where it can be seen that the reciprocity of and importance of trust-based int erpersonal relationships is highlighted.Set in a time in Chinese history where many could not afford to drink milk every day, the positioning of brother and sister, over the course of time, provides depiction of milk as a commodity of value of which one should be grateful to have. Years later when the young boy grows up, he realizes that his sister was only pretending to dislike milk so that she could give it to him. As a result, he vows to provide milk for the well-being of his afterlife family.This ad highlights the need for marketers to show the Chinese consumers that the brand is a part of their relationships with others in order for the brand to be received positively. This is because, as the ad depicts, belonging and relationships is central to the Chinese. The societal marketing concept takes into account the importance of adopting a long-term outlook, that all companies would be better in a stronger, healthier society and that companies that incorporate ethical behavior an d social responsibility in their business dealings will attract and maintain loyal customer support over the long term (Bedlam et al. 010, p. 17). It is through adopting accordingly to these sensitive cultural subtleties that provides an opportunity for brands to tailor their marketing mix strategies to realize the best and most effective slipway that meets their needs as ell as adequately adopting brand elements (images, advertising etc. ) that appeal to, relate and reflecting the consumer preferences of the Chinese market. Conclusion Overall it is detrimental for marketers to understand how Mascots Hierarchy and Brand Personality differs between Australia and China.Without an understanding of how Mascots Hierarchy is subverted by different cultures, marketers would miss the opportunity to position based on what different cultures base as their most intrinsic need. Without an understanding of culture and how it affects brand personality, arresters may not integrate a brand to be a dopted positively by a different culture. In order for marketers to export successfully, they need to adapt their marketing approaches to take into account these differences caused by the different cultures, therefore an understanding of both these concepts and how they are affected by culture is vitally important.

Hamlet Behavioral Essay Essay

Shakespeares village for years has been the classic example of a man turned to madness because of his foul deeds and tortured soul, and even despite this characterization he has also proven to be a character that the audience could relate to. He wasnt loud or edgy indeed village was an educated man, a university scholar. As the play progresses the audience learns that he can and does love a nonher person despite his quiet and mute nature and when he does finally die in the closing sequences of the play, he does so in honor by and by killing the man who killed his father and who plot to kill him.In Act III, Scene i of the play we meet Hamlet uttering those famous words To be or not to be that is the headway (III. i. 58). He is thinking round committing suicide because he is unable to deal with his own painful memories, especially those surrounding the death of his father. Later in this characterization he rebukes Ophelia when she tries to return his gifts, categorically stati ng that he did not give her anything in love at all. He becomes angered with her and even demands that she move to a nunnery, as he was so upset at the concept of marriage.In this part of the play we see a man who is truly acting in kindness. He did not feel worthy of Ophelias love or affection and given that he was contemplating his own death he would be aware that Ophelia would be safe in a nunnery even if she wasnt that happy. There is a suggestion from Shakespeare that Ophelia is aware of Hamlets motive behind his anger when she is set forth as mourning Hamlets mind, believing he had actually succumbed to insanity.In the second scene of Act III the audience is shown the plans Hamlet has for exposing the fag through the enactment of a play that was meant to strongly resemble the actions that Hamlet presumed led to his fathers death. When the King does leave the room during the play Hamlet seeks assurances from his friends that the Kings behavior was suspect and therefore the King must be guilty. Hamlet decides to have a frank talk to his mother about the King before any action is taken.He is quoted as saying, I will speak daggers to her, but use none (III. ii. 366). This scene shows the paradox of Hamlets anguish over this fathers death. Although he believes the King his uncle is guilty, he also has the horrible duty of telling his mother about his suspicions and although he does exhibit signs of some mad behavior, he is still in control enough to understand the hurt his mother will go through after his revelation. This is evident in his further angry comments with Ophelia before he goes to speak to his mother.By the third scene Hamlet has worked himself up to a state where he could kill Claudius and avenge his fathers death, but when he goes to confront the man he sees that Claudius is on his knees praying. Now this scene is important because although Hamlet was angry enough to kill the King he wants to wait until the man has finished praying. A perso n that was totally out of control would not be consid datete enough to wait until the victim had finished his prayers, but Hamlet did although his dialogue at the time suggests that Hamlet waited only because he did not want Claudiuss soul to go directly to heaven.The last scene of Act III is where Hamlet does confront his mother with his own suspicions and by accident kills Polonius. The scene chinks brilliant dialogue from Hamlet to his mother especially regarding her knowledgeable relationship with his uncle, with his statements seemingly proving his lapse into insanity. The random killing of Polonius showed that even in anger Hamlet was not prepared to kill Claudius (the intended victim) face-to-face, which is why he did not pull back the curtain to ascertain the identity of the hidden man.Act III does contain some of the much graphic examples of Hamlets madness but on analysis it would seem his behavior could not be considered negative when taken in context. Hamlet was just ifiably upset when he finds out Claudius has killed his father, and then married his mother straight afterwards. He wants what many young men of that era wanted, and that was to avenge his fathers death with honor, but it would seem that he just didnt have the killer instinct in his behavior to actually carry out the act.Hamlet also shows foresight in arguing with Ophelia and in the way he verbally attacked his mother concentrating more on the sexual aspects of her life with Claudius rather than his personality. On analysis it would seem that Hamlets behavior in the third act would be as positive as it could be given the circumstances, and on reflection it is his lack of killing ability and his consideration for this mother and Ophelia that shows Hamlets behavior in a more positive light than can be assumed from a surface reading of the dialogue alone.

Key Components of a Successful Blog

After run downing m whatever obligates on the web near successful web logging, the main components are fairly ecumenic across the board. The main and possibly most important components would be to web log ab extinct something that you have a passion for. Yes, you can fake it for a brusque while, but eventually you ordain run out of ideas to write about on that base, and your readers allow for lose have-to doe with. You must as well as be sufficient to strike trust and become and authority among your blog following readers.Another crucial aspect is that you must strive to keep your blog different, and provoke. With as many options as in that respect are across the web today, you must be able to capture your readers attention. Also, you must consistently post on your blog, allow response to comments, choose an give up template, and create a brief biography to give readers more access about who you are and maybe why you choose to blog. Lastly, you would probably like y our blog to be undemanding found through search engines and the like, so hold some keywords in there that will allow for that.The most important components and the sand of your entire blogging experience are to write about something that you are passionate about. One of the articles I read gave the analogy of someone from Hawaii writing about ice fishing, even though he or she may have never seen ice (3 Key). Readers can sense this, and will probably not let off around long if they feel that the blogger is simply feeding them a bunch of garbage solely to get site hits.Also, you must stay committed to the topic that you decide to blog about, improve your cognition on the topic, and consistently provide updates in order to hold your reader base. A second component that is also viably important is that you establish yourself as an authority figure on the blogging topic you choose. This can be accomplished several ways, one of which is to simply master your knowledge on the topic at hand, which was discussed in the previous chapter. This alone will not necessarily establish you as an authority figure on the topic, although it will help.With a successful blog, you are going to motivation to target a specific audience, and adjust your writing styles appropriately to garner the maximum amount of interest in your blog. The next two components of your successful blog go almost hand in hand. Naturally, most bloggers are not looking to read dissertation papers on the topics in question, but rather something different, and interesting. You can do this through a variety of ways your blog can be humorous, theme provoking, or informative (5 Key).Long term, this is very necessary to developing a successful, popular blog. Another aspect that must be considered when trying to keep your blog interesting is the amount of times you post on your blog. Its a very simple concept very few readers are going to want to read the same thing over and over again. Bloggers enjoy readin g about other slews lives in an interesting, and captivating way. Consistently posting, and dedicating yourself to create and maintain an interesting and addictive blog is a major key in how successful your blog ultimately is.People in general enjoy interaction as well, which is why you want to provide, and encourage, constant feedback from your readers. According to the article titled 5 Key Components to Consider when Creating a Blog, you must remember that your blog is created as a social community, or at the very least, you want your readers to feel that way. The article elaborates on that topic in saying that without the option to comment on your blogs, you have taken out-of-door the spirit of the blogging experience.You will simply have a website that is just constantly updated, which will not hold the interest of your readers nearly as long as a friendly, interactive blogging community. With that being considered, the ability and easiness to comment will only get you so far with your blog. You must read over the responses to your article and reply in a timely manor. A readers comment can also give you more insight as to what means is most appealing to them and the direction that youre your blog should follow.Additionally, you will want to entice you readers to comment by initiating a Call to Action of sorts (Attack). This simply is a way to encourage your reader to perhaps subscribe to you blog, or an open ended question to try and entice your readers to leave more comments. The structure of your blog also plays an important role in the ultimate success you will have. If you are creating a blog to try and improve an existing business, or perhaps help a start up business get moving, you would probably like to keep the page looking rather professional.On the other hand, if you are blogging out of the sheer enjoyment of the activity, you will probably want your page to reflect that. Create a fun, entertaining page that will capture your readers attentio n and reflects the fashion of your writing. Blogging, as stated earlier, is a social community. Considering this fact, you will also want to include a brief bibliography about yourself. Perhaps why you started blogging, or any other interest you have besides the one that you are writing about in your blog.Doing this creates a more familiar atmosphere that your reader will want to follow and perhaps even comment on. According to the Enzine article, adding a picture to your bio will be helpful, unless you are currently in the witness fortress program, which in that case, an Avator or something else along those lines will due. Even if you master all of the previously stated components of a blog, you create a captivating template, and are volition to put forth the time and effort in constantly updating the blog and reading readers comments it could all be in vain.You will want to include keywords in your blogs that will allow it to be more easily available to search engines and the l ike because, lets face it, if your blog cannot be easily found, how many people to you honestly believe are going to read it? As you can tell creating a blog can be a relatively easy and enjoyable experience. The components of successful blogs are almost universal regardless of which reference you consider.The main thing you must remember is to choose your topic wisely, and be able to expend a large amount of your time in developing, maintaining, and managing your successful blog. Keep all of these components in mind when creating your blog as they are viable to your success and keeping your readers enticed.Works Cited 1. Jacobson, Rich. Attack of the Biller Blog. Web log post. Http//soundbiteblog. com/tag/top-5-ingredients-of-a-successful-blog/. Web. 2. Park, Gyutae. 3 Key Components of a Successful Blog. Web. 3. Philpott, TJ. 5 Key Components to consider when creating a Blog. Web.

Human Sexual Behavior and Sexual Abuse Incest

INCEST Incestisintimate chat amongst family members and closerelatives. 12The term may apply to internal activities mingled with singulars of closeblood family individuallyiance, members of the comparablehousehold,step relatives colligate byadoptionormarri get along, or members of the homogeneousclanor absorbage. 3Theincest taboois and has been one of the to the highest degree greenness of each(prenominal) culturaltaboos, both(prenominal) in current nations and m both past societies. 4Most modern societies wee-weelaws regarding incestor loving restrictions on closely consanguineous unitings. 5In countries where it is illegal, consensual great(p) incest is seen by nigh as avictimless crime. 67 In some societies, such as those ofAncient Egyptand some otherwises, brother babe, graveldaughter, and motherson, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and other permutations of relations were praxisd amongroyaltyas a means of perpetuating the royal lineage. 89In additi on, theBalinese10and someInuittribes11 down altogether different beliefs or so what constitutes illegal and humble incest. However, pargonnt-chela and blood relation-sibling unions ar al around universally forbidden. 12 Children born of close incestous unions have greatly increased risk of congenital disorders, death and disability at to the lowest degree in part due to genetic diseases caused by theinbreeding. 13 - Terminology The face wordincestis derived from the Latinincestus, which has a general meaning of impure, unchaste. It was introduced intoMiddle English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period14) and in the narrow modern sense.The derived adjectiveincestuousappears in the 16th century. 15Prior to the ingress of the Latin term, incest was cognise inOld Englishassibbleger(fromsibbkinship +legerto lie) orm? gh? med(fromm? gkin, fire +h? med inner intercourse) notwithstanding in time, both words fell out of use. - History T able of prohibited unifications fromThe Trial of BastardiebyWilliam Clerke. London, 1594 - Prevalence and statisticsIncest mingled with anadultand a person under theage of consentis considered a remains of boor sexual deprave3637that has been shown to be one of the close to extreme pees of childhood sin, oft resulting in in force(p) and long-termpsychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest. 38Prevalence is difficult to generalize, yet research has estimated 1015% of the general population as having at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse. 39Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%. 38 Father-daughterincest was for many geezerhood the most comm altogether reported and studied exercise of incest. 4041More recently, studies have suggested that sibling incest, finickyly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most universal form of incest,424344454 647484950with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest. 51 about studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abomination choose younger victims, misuse victims over a lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than make or stepfather incest, with father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest. 525354 - Types Between adults and childrenbriny articleChild sexual abuse Incest between an adult and a child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse55and for many eld has been the most reported form of incest. Fatherdaughter and stepfatherstepdaughter incest is the most comm practiced reported form of adult-child incest, with most of the re master(prenominal)ing involving a mother or stepmother. 56Fatherson incest is reported less often, that it is not kat oncen how clo se the absolute frequency is to heterosexual incest because it is likely more under-reported. 5758Prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to assess due to secrecy and privacy some estimate that 20 million Americans were, as children, subjected to incest. 56clarification needed(needs a better source) In a 1999 news story,BBCreported, Close-knit family life inIndiamasks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members, a new report suggests. Delhi organisationRAHIsaid 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children 40% of those by a family member. 59 According to the discipline Center for Victims of Crime a gargantuan proportion ofrapecommitted in the join States is perpetrated by a family member Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The absolute majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before the age of 18 furt hermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or step-fathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives. 60 A canvass of victims of fatherdaughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were common features deep down families before the occurrence of incest estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, and reassignment of some of the mothers traditional major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was as well as stated that the incest work through was psychologically harmful to the woman in posterior life, frequently leading to olfactory sensationings of low self-esteem, unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems. 61clarification needed(needs a better source) Adults who as children were incestuously ill-used by adults often suffer from lowself-esteem, difficulties in interpersonal human relationships, andsexual dysfunction, and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, includingdepression,anxiety, psychoneurotic avoidance reactions,somatoform disorder,substance abuse,borderline personality disorder, andcomplex post-traumatic stress disorder. 386263Research by Leslie Margolin indicates that mother-son incest does not trigger some innate biological response, but that the effectuate are more directly related to the symbolic meanings attributed to this act by the participants. 64 TheGoler clanis a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult/child and sibling/sibling incest took place over at least three generations. 65A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, babes, brothers, cousins, and each other.During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to pursue in many forms of sexual activity, up to and in cluding full intercourse, seven-fold times with the children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five. 65 In Japan there is a popular misconception that mother-son incestuous contact in common, due to the manner in which it is depicted in the press and popular media.According to Hideo Tokuoka, When Americans think of incest, they think of fathers and daughters in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons due to the extensive media coverage of mother-son incest there. 66 few occidental researchers even assumed this was established fact. However, research into victimization statistics from police and health care systems discredits this, as it shows the vast majority of sexual abuse, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls. 67The Mainichi Daily NewscolumnWaiWai, by Australian journalist Ryann Connell, featured often-sensationalist stories, principally translated from and based on articles visual aspect in Japanese tabloids. 68On June 28, 2008, Mainichi announced punitive measures. 697071Mainichi said, We continued to post articles that contained incorrect information and indecent sexual content. These articles, many of which were not checked and correctly investigated should not have been dispatched.We apologize deeply for causing many volume trouble and for betraying the semipublics trust in the Mainichi Shimbun. 72 Between childhood siblings Childhood siblingsibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. 56It is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. 73 Sibling-sibling incest becomeschild-on-child sexual abusewhen it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result ofcoercion. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. 56A 2006 theatre showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have distorted or disturbed b eliefs (such as that the act was radiation diagram) both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general. 74 Sibling abusive incest is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often hit or emotionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling. 75Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother. 76The alter personal effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brothersister sexual abuse are comparable to the effects of fatherdaughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. 7677 Between consenting adults Sexual activity between adult close relatives may arise fromgenetic sexual attraction. 78This form of incest has not been widely reported in the past, but recent evidence has indicated that this behavior does crawfish place, po ssibly more often than many people realize. 78Internetchatroomsand topical websites exist that provide support for incestuous couples. 78 Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest. 78According to one incest participant who was interviewed for an article inThe withstander You cant help who you fall in love with, it just happens. I fell in love with my sister and Im not ashamed I only feel sorry for my mom and dad, I wish they could be happy for us. We love each other.Its nothing like some old man who tries to fuck his three-year-old, thats evil and disgusting Of course were consenting, thats the most important thing. Were not fucking perverts. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world. 78 InSlate Magazine,William Saletandrew a legal connection between gay sex and incest between consenting adults. 79As he described in his article, in 2003, U. S. SenatorRi ck Santorumcommented on a pending U. S. lordly Court case involving sodomy laws (primarily as a matter ofConstitutional experts to Privacy and Equal Protection under the Law).He stated If the Supreme Court says that you have the right to consensual sex within your home, then(prenominal) you have the right to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery. 79However, David Smith of theHuman Rights Campaignprofessed outrage that Santorum placed being gay on the same moral and legal level as individual engaging in incest. Saletan argued that, legally and morally, there is essentially no difference between the two, and went on to support incest between consenting adults being covered by a legal right to privacy. 79UCLAlaw professorEugene Volokhhas made similar arguments. 80In a more recent article, Saletan said that incest is wrong because it introduces the possibility of irreparably damaging family units by introducing a notorio usly incendiary dynamicsexual tensioninto the mix. 81 Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews In Florida, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone you know to be your aunt, uncle, niece or nephew constitutes a felony of the third degree. 82Other states also commonly prohibit trade unions between such kins. 83The legality of sex with a half-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state. 84 Between adult siblings The most public case of consensual adult sibling incest in recent years is the case of a brother-sister couple from Germany,Patrick Stubingand Susan Ka fictitious characterwski. Because of violent behavior on the part of the father, the brother was taken in at the age of 3 by foster parents, who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his then 16 year old sister for the first time. The now-adult brother moved in with his blood family shortly thereafter.After their mother died suddenly six months later, t he couple became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. By 2004, they had four children together Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public nature of their relationship, and the repeatedprosecutionsand even jail time they have served as a result, has caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article about them inDer Spiegelstates that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. 6In April 2012, at theEuropean Court of Human Rights, Patrick Stuebing lost his case that the conviction violated his right to a mystical and family life. 8586 full cousin relationships See alsoCousin marriageandList of coupled cousins Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are stigmatized as incest in some western cultures, but tolerated in most of the world. Currently, 24 statesUS states, prohibit marriages between first cousins and another seven permit them only under special circumstances. 87Cousin marriages are rare, accounting for less than 1% of marriages in Western Europe, North America and Oceania, while reaching 9% in southward America, East Asia and South Europe and up to 25% in regions of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. 88Communities such as the Dhond and theBhittaniof Pakistan clearly prefer marriages between cousins as believe they master purity of the descent line, provide intimate knowledge of the fellows, and ensure thatpatrimony pull up stakes not pass into the hands of outsiders. 89 Apart from the partial prohibition in the United States, there are some cultures in Asia which stigmatize cousin marriage, in some instances even marriages between second cousins or more remotely related people. This concerns notably the culture ofKorea, and someHinducommunities in India. In South Korea, before 1997, anyone with the same last take a leak away and clan were prohibited from marriage. In clear up of this law being held unconstitutional, South Korea now only prohibits up to third cousins (seeArticle 809 of the Korean Civil Code).Hmongculture prohibits the marriage of anyone with the same last name to do so would result in being shunned by the entire community, and they are usually stripped of their last name. InWestern Australiaover ergocalciferol marriages are between cousins. In a review of 48 studies on the children parented by cousins, most of the babies born to cousins were healthy contrary to the popular perception, with birth defects being 4% of births for consanguineous couples as opposed to 2% for the general population. 90Inbreeding over many generations does increase risks however. citation needed Incest defined through marriage Some cultures include relatives by marriage in incest prohibitions these relationships are calledaffinityrather thanconsanguinity. For example, the question of the legality and mora lity of a widower who wished to marry hisdeceased wifes sisterwas the subject of long and fierce debate in theUnited Kingdomin the 19th century, involving, among others,Matthew Boulton. 9192In medieval Europe, standing as agodparentto a child also created a bond of affinity. citation neededBut in other societies, a deceased spouses sibling was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew intelligence forbids a man from marrying his brothers widow with the exception that, if his brother died childless, the man is instead required to marry his brothers widow so as to raise up origin to him (taken from Deuteronomy 2556). According to Islamic ideology, marriage among close blood relations like parents, siblings, the children of siblings, aunts and uncles is prohibited. First or second cousins may marry.Marrying the widow of a brother, or the sister of deceased or divorced wife is allowed in Islam. - Inbreeding Main articleInbreeding Incest that results in government issue is a fo rm of closeinbreeding(reproduction between two individuals with a common ancestor). Inbreeding leads to a higher probability ofcongenital birth defectsbecause it increases that proportion of zygotes that arehomozygous, in particular for deleteriousrecessive allelesthat green groceries such disorders93(and seeInbreeding depressionInbreeding depression and natural selection).Because most such alleles are rare in populations, it is unlikely that two unrelated marriage partners entrust both be heterozygous carriers. However, because close relativesshare a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such rare deleterious allele toast in the common ancestor exit be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples. Contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself alter allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes.However, because the increased proportion of deleterio us homozygotes exposes the allele tonatural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postnatal offspring with birth defects. 94 There may also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similarimmune systemsmay be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (seeMajor histocompatibility complex and sexual selection). 95 A 1994 study found a mean excess mortality with inbreeding among first cousins of 4. 4%. 96Children of parent-child or sibling-sibling unions are at increased risk compared to cousin-cousin unions. Studies suggest that 20-36% of these children will die or have major disability due to the inbreeding. 13A study of 29 offspring resulting from brother-sister or father-daughter incest found that 20 had congenital abnormalities, including four directly attributable t o autosomal recessive alleles. 97 - Animals Main articleAnimal sexual behavior Many mammal species including humanitys closestprimaterelatives tend to avoid close inbreeding, especially if there are alternative partners available. 98However some chimpanzees have been recorded attempting to mate with their mothers. 99Male rats have been recorded engaging in mating with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related females over their sisters. 100 Livestockbreeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled withcullingof what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable character in the stock. - In popular culture Main articleIncest in popular culture Incest is a somewhat popular topic in Englisherotic fiction there are entire collections and websites devoted solely to this genre, with an entire genre of pornographicpulp fiction cognize as incest novels. Laws Mai n articleLaws regarding incest Incest is illegal in many jurisdictions. The exact legal definition of incest, including the nature of the relationship between persons, and the types sexual activity, varies by country, and by even individual states or provinces within a country. These laws can also extend to marriage between subject individuals. In most places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the two partners. In other places, incestuous relationships between two consenting adults (with the age varying by location) are permitted.Such countries where it is permissible and legal, includes for example theNetherlands,France, andSpain. InSwedenthe only type of incestuous relationship allowed by law is that between half-siblings and they must seek government counseling before marriage. 101 A jurisdictions definition of an incestuous relationship will also marches who a person is permitted to marry. Some jurisdictions forbid first-cousins to marry, while others limit the prohi bition to brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, aunts and uncles. - editReligious views editJewish Main articlesIncest in the BibleandJewish views on incest In three places in theTorah, there are lists of family members between whom it is prohibited to have sexual relations each of these lists is progressively shorter. The biblical lists are not symmetrical the implied rules for women and men are not the same. Relationships compare as follows Forbidden for men Forbidden for women Forbidden for both men and women Holiness Code Deuteronomic Code Leviticus 18 Leviticus 20 Grandparents spouse (including other grandparent) Parents spouse Parent Stepparent Parent-in-law Uncle/aunt Parents sibling Uncles/aunts spouse Fathers siblings spouse Mothers siblings spouse Parents child Half-Sibling (mothers side) Fathers child Sibling Half-sibling (fathers side) Step sibling Sibling-in-law (if the spouse was legato alive) Nephew/niece Siblings child Ne phew/niece-in-law Spouses brothers child Spouses sisters child Spouses child Child Stepchild Child-in-law Spouses grandchild (including grandchild) Apart from the questionable case of the daughter, the first incest list in the Holiness code roughly produces the same rules as were followed in early (pre-Islamic) Arabic culture102inIslam, these pre-existing rules were made statutory. 103 In the 4th century BCE, theSoferim(scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termedseconds(Hebrewsheniyyot), and included the wives of a mans grandfather and grandson. 104The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of thesesecondsof his, on the basis that doing so would act as asafeguardagainst infringing the biblical incest rules,105although there was inconclusive debate about exactly what the limits should be for the definition ofsecond s. 102 Marriages forbidden in the Torah were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as invalid as if they had never occurred106any children born to such a couple were regarded asJewish bastards,106and the relatives of the spouse were not regarded as forbidden relations for a further marriage. 107On the other hand, those relationships which were prohibited due to qualifying asseconds, and so forth, were regarded as wicked, but still valid106while they expertness have pressured such a couple to divorce, any children of the union were still seen as legitimate. 106 Christian In the roman Catholic Church, marriage is for the most part not permitted if the potential spouses are related in the collateral line up to and including the second degree, although a dispensation may be granted permitting marriages etween first cousins or even uncle/niece unions as in the marriage of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor to his niece, and first cousin, Margarita Teresa of Spain in 1666. citation nee dedThe Church does not generally permit the marriage if a doubt exists on whether the potential spouses are related by consanguinity in any degree of the direct line or in the second degree of the collateral line. 108 In theEastern Orthodox Church, marriages are banned between second cousins or closer and between second uncles / aunts and second nieces / nephews (between first cousins once removed) or closer.Also, marriages that produce children that are closer genetic relatives than legal are also not permitted (unless the genetic relationship does allow marriage between those children). For example, two siblings may not marry two other siblings because legally their children will be cousins, but genetically theyll be half-siblings. On the other hand, two siblings may marry two cousins. citation needed TheAnglican Communionallows marriages up to and including first cousins. But in all of the three predate Christian churches, marriages to uncles, aunts, relatives in the direct line , or their respective spouses are not allowed. citation needed Islamic Main articleMahram TheQurangives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with * his fathers wife109(his mother,110or stepmother110), his mother-in-law, a woman from whom he has nursed, even the children of this woman110 * all parents sister (aunt),110 * his sister, his half sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his sister-in-law (wifes sister) while still married. Half relations are as sacred as are the full relations. 110 * his niece (child of sibling),110 * his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother had beenconsummated), his daughter-in-law. 110 The main differences (apart from relationships between a man and his daughter) are * a woman fromwhom he has nursed * a woman who hasnursed from the same womanas he * a niece AHadithalso prohibits marriage to a woman and her parents sister at the same time. 111The same app lies for a woman with the male counterparts to the aforementioned. editHinduHinduismspeaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus are fearful of the bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of bothendogamyandexogamywithincastes(Varna) but not in the same family tree (gotra) or bloodline (Pravara). Marriages within the gotra (swagotra marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. 112People within the gotra are regarded as kin and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. i. e. Marriage with paternal cousins is strictly prohibited. 113In fact marriage between two people whose parents are related paternally up to seven generations is expressly prohibited. Gotra is transferred down the male lineage while the Gotra of a female changes upon marriage. i. e. , upon marriage a woman belongs to her economizes Gotra and no longer belongs to her fathers Gotra. Hence marriage with a person having same Gotra as of the originalGotraso f grandparents is prohibitedcitation needed. Nevertheless, inTamil Naduof grey India, Marriage with maternal cousins and marriages between Maternal Uncle and Niece were widely in practice a few decades back.However the tradition of getting married to maternal uncle has declined considerably now and may soon become a relic of the past. In matrilinial societies ofKeralamarriage between first cousins were common. It is said to have helped in preserving family wealth. Buddhist Buddhistsocieties take a strong ethical stand in human affairs and sexual behavior in particular. Most variations of Buddhism decide locally about the elaborate of incest as a wrongdoing, according to local cultural standards. 114Sexual mis canalize is mentioned but the definition of what constitutes misconduct sex is an individual issue. 115The most common readying of Buddhist ethics are theFive Preceptsand theNoble Eightfold Path one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. These precepts tak e the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is To refrain from committing sexual misconduct. Sexual misconduct means any sexual conduct involving violence, manipulation or deceit conduct that therefore leads to suffering and trouble. 116Buddhist monks and nuns strictly forbid any type of sexual misconduct but incest is not specifically efined as sexual misconduct, and therefore depends on the culture of the area, not on mandate from Buddhism itself. However, there are no enforced rules for laypeople in Buddhism, only guidance. Incest Incestis sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal (e. g. , parents and children, uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews, etc. ). This usually takes the form of an older family member sexually abusing a child or adolescent. Laws vary from place to place regarding what constitutes incest, child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and rape. How common is Incest?There are real few genuine statistics about how often incest occurs. Its difficult to know how many people are affected by incest because many incest situations never get reported. There are many reasons that the victim might not report the abuse. * The victim has been told that what is happening is normal or happens in every family, and doesnt realize that it is a form of abuse * The victim may not know that help is available or who they can talk to * The victim may be cowardly of what will happen if they tell someone * The abuser may have threatened the victim The victim may care about the abuser and be afraid of what will happen to the abuser if they tell * The victim may be afraid of what will happen to them if they tell * The victim may also be concerned about how many people will react when they hear about the abuse * They may be afraid that no one will believe them or that the person they confide in will tell the abuser * The victim may be afraid that people will shoot down them of having done something wrong What makes Incest different than child sexual abuse?All forms of child sexual abuse can have negative long-term effects for the victim. You can read about some of those effectshere. Incest is especially damaging because it disrupts the childs primary support system, the family. * When a child is abused by someone outside the family, the childs family is often able to offer support and a sense of safety. * When the abuser is someone in the family, the family may not be able to provide support or a sense of safety.Since the children (especially younger children) often have limited resources outside the family, it can be very hard for them to recover from incest * Incest can damage a childs ability to trust, since the people who were supposed to protect and care for them have abused them. * Survivors of incest sometimes have difficulty developing trusting relationships * It can also be very damaging for a child if a non-abusing parent is aware of the abuse and choosesfor whatever reasonnot to take action to stop it. * There are many reasons that a non-abusing parent might not stop the abuse. The non-abusing parent may feel that they are dependent on the abuser for shelter or income. * If the non-abusing parent was the victim of incest as a child, they may think that this is normal for families. * The non-abusing parent may feel that allowing the incest to continue is the only way to keep their partner. * The non-abusing parent may feel that their child was asking for it by behaving in slipway that the parent perceives as provocative or seductive. * Unfortunately, many non-abusing parents are aware of the incest and choose not to get their child out of the situation, or worse, to blame their child for what has happened.This makes the long-term effects of incest worse. INCEST Liberalisation and the development of society have led to many forms of sexuality to be accepted. Something which was considered as scandalous is now more or less normal. If you search the term incest online, you will get the impression that this is yet another variation of normal human sexuality. Still, scientists claim that incest is sexual perversion which often signalises the familys dysfunctional trait. Incest usually occurs in socially isolated families and points to pathologic relations within the family. What is it and what are its consequences?Incestis defined as sexual intercourse or any form of sexual activity between closely related persons, especially within the immediate family. Incest between an adult and a child is known asinterfamilial child sexual abuse. Even one third of child abusers are the parent or their spouse which is not the childs birth parent. Relatives or close family friends are the abuser in 85 percent of child sexual abuse cases set Gordana Buljan Flander told us. Children who suffered such sexual abuse have serious and long-term psychological damage, especially if parental incest is in question.Adults who experienced incest in their childhood tend to suffer from low self-esteem, they have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, sexual dysfunction and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, experts claim. Variations to the theme There are several types of incest Parent-childis one of most common types of incest and statistics show it is usually father-daughter or stepfather-daughter incest. Other reports include mother-son incest or stepmother-son incest, while father-son incest is rarely reported. Sibling incestis considered to be widespread, although experts believe it is rarely reported.Research conducted by scientist Floyd Martinson at an American university yielded interesting results. 10-15 percent of students admitted to having sexual experience with a brother or sister. Of those, 30% reported negative reactions and 30% reported positive reactions. A similar study conducted in 1993 in the USA showed that 16 percent out of 930 adults were sexually abused by their brother or sister before play 18. This form of incest is often reported in families where the parents are often absent or are emotionally unavailable.Apart from these forms, there is incest that occurs betweencousins. Some countries believe marriage or sexual relationship of a widow/widower and a brother or sister of the deceased spouse is somewhat incestuous. Psychiatry puts incest conterminous to paraphilia, i. e. pathologic sexual activities which is a group name for every sexual activity that is considered unnatural in psychology and sexology. Apart from incest, paraphilia also includes paedophilia, sadism, masochism, sexual fetishism, exhibitionism, voyeurism, necrophilia, nymphomania Some are legally regulated, others are not.Also, there is a thin line for some if unusual sexual activity is in question which the majority of people do not practice, a sexual disorder or behaviour which is morally condemned by the society said doctor Domagoj Stimac, psychiatrist of Zagrebs Policlinic for the tribute of children. Why does incest happen? Science has not yet gibed what makes people attracted to one person and repelled by others. Sexual attraction is largely creditedto something we all know as brain chemistry, i. e. the central nervous system.Also, upbringing and earliest childhood experience affects who we will be attracted to. Still, scientists have yet to determine the exact cause why we are attracted to some people doctor Stimac told us. Not fantasy, but reality There is a new case of incest in the media everynow and then, reminding us of the fact that it is an actual occurrence and not something that happens somewhere else. At the embark onning of last year, a German court sentenced a 38-year-old man to 2 years and 3 months in prison for forcing his wife to have sexual intercourse with their teenage son.The first time she slept with him, he was only 15. After several times she was forced to have sexual intercourse, the wi fe reported the case to the police. What if love is in question? Recently, a story was create in Germany about a brother and sister, Susan (22) and Patrick (29), who are living together and have 4 children. Despite the fact Patrick has spent more than 2 years in prison and the environment cannot accept them, they are fighting to legalise their relationship and think banning incest means denying sexual freedom. They love each other and requisite to live together in a real marital union.Although aware their love is unusual to say the least, they do not want to give it up. Another case is a sexual-love affair between 61-year Australian and his 39-year-old daughter, who made their relationship public during a TV show when their daughter was born. Incest is in truth much more common than we would think, i. e. hope. It is more common in primitive societies, but it is still present in developed ones. This can be reason from so called xxx websites, which offer us stories, photos and film s with incestuous sexual relations.Still, incest is still a taboo, few people dare to openly speak about it doctor Domagoj Stimac believes. INCEST Incest is one of the most interesting taboos of our time. The definition of incest is a highly controversial topic. Yet, the definition of incest is one of the most important definitions for the people touchd, though the legal and psychological meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be mulish by the cases of incest.The people who commit incest and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definition dissimilar between the law and psychologists, it is very difficult for the involved to do anything about it. The definition is both stated as wrong by law and by most religious morals. According to psychologists, incest is defined as A) any intimate physical contact that is sexually arousing between non-married members of afamily. Justice, pg 25) What this is interpreted as is that sexual intercourse does not need to occur for a situation to be considered incestuous. Stroking, fondling, or even intimately kissing can be considered incest. This is not all trustworthy for the legal definition. In Georgia, incest is defined as any sexual intercourse between known relatives, by blood or by marriage, (meaning a step-parent and step-child. ) Incest laws essentially exist to prohibit marriage or inbreeding between family members, and the sentences are almost never carried out. Kosof, pg 53) So incest is stated as wrong, but not enforced. The Bible states that incest is wrong, just as the law does. A Cursed be he who has relations with his fathers wife Cursed be he who has relations with his sister or half-sister (Deu 2720,22. )Therefore, the definition can be altered t o fit the needs of the definer. The different forms of incest are as follows father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, and father-son. Conditions of incest dont always involve intercourse, but still hurt the included. So, the conditions should help to define the firm meaning. But surely at fourteen, I should have been capable of escaping (Armstrong, pg 7)Father-daughter is the most common form of incest. Three-fourths of all reported cases usually involve dad and his oldest daughter. It is usually non-violent, and the daughters usually feel unattached to their mothers. (Kempe, pgs 48-51) Sometimes the daughter may act in a seductive manner toward her father, or the father might act as a big brother forcing his lilliputian sister to misbehave. (Armstrong, pg 235) If the daughter is seductive, then she might gain power over her father.This is not always true for mother-son incest. Mother-son incest is usually brought on as a way to highly express love, sex education, or the mother is promiscuous. If the mother feels like she is expressing her love to her son, then she uses sex as a means of closeness. (Justice, pg 102) There is either no husband or a passive husband. The mother can be very seductive and encourage the son to have sex with her and limits the sons social life. She acts on a dont leave me attitude to keep her son tied down. Sometimes the son gets aroused my his mother and then becomes the aggressor. Justice, pg 103) If he isnt attracted to mom, why not be attracted to his sister? This is the case in brother-sister, or sibling incest. It is less traumatic and the male participant may be proud about it. The brothers can become violent and force their sister to join in, although usually the sister is willing to participate. (Justice, pg 105) When both of the children are shy, the girl sees him as the only boyfriend she will ever have and becomes flirtatious. The two could also have mutual admiration, and then become sexually attracted to each other .This leads into the most rarely reported incest of the four. Father-son incest is rarely reported because it violates two taboos, homosexuality and incest. (Justice, 196) Males want to protect their masculinity, so they will not tell anyone. They pretend to like girls, and they date them, but tend to be attracted to boys. When they move out of the house, they sometimes choose to be a male prostitute. The fathers can be hard and very abusive. The fathers of any incestuous relationship can have psychopathic or symbiotic personalities.Him who has a psychopathic personality seeksstimulation, and has a get even aggressiveness. No feelings of guilt and a powerful need for aggression seem to happen often in most cases. I literally could not walk out of the house without my father wanting to know where I was going, with whom, and when I would be back. (Kosof, pg 17) He may be promiscuous or pansexual, (meaning that all he can think about is sex. Everything is a sex object to him. ) (Justi ce, pgs 83-85) The father with a symbiotic personality hungers for intimacy. The only way of expression he knows is through sex.There are four types of symbiotic personalities. The introvert, the rationalizer, the tyrant, and the alcoholic. The introvert is very protective toward his family and fells Aunder attack. He cannot trust people and is easily disappointed. The wife usually denies him sex. The rationalizer shows what love is, or teaches sex education to his daughter. The tyrant is the high-and-mighty he uses threats and physical force to get what he wants. He pretends to have everything under control and hides the problem at home. His daughter owes him sex.He is very jealous and paranoid. The alcoholic is a dependant, although he tries to hide it. 10-15% of incest committers are alcoholics. Mothers share most of the characteristics of the father. The mothers may be promiscuous and long to be taken care of. Incest might begin as innocent sleeping with her son and then drift s into more physical things. She is not likely to have intercourse with her son, but she implies that someday she will give herself fully to the son, which can lead to the son being a violator, which is rare because the children of incest are mostly victims. Justice, pg 145)Sex is not sex for the incest survivor. (Blume, pg 207) Different children of incest act in different ways. It mainly depends on how the incest was brought about. Some may act untouched by the experience and seldom are able to defend themselves. When they reach adulthood, the might start experiencing flashbacks or amnesia. They live in denial and have an emotional shutdown. (Blume, pg 322) Sometimes they result in schizophrenia or multiple personality disorders. They also seem to have sexual shutdowns and are uncomfortable with it. But why does this occur?Incest usually occurs when sex stops between mother and father. Mom either denies dad sex, there is a major life crisis, or opportunity knocks. The opportunity for incest occurs when mother is gone all the time and so the daughter assumes the role of the mother. When this happens, there is a need for treatment. This is when the definition of incest is most important. The children are very scared and need confidence. If he/she tells a psychologist or teacher, that person is required by law to tell the authorities. (Kosof, pg 53) When the authorities are contacted, the definition comes into play.The child wants to feel safe, and if their definition of incest doesnt live up to the laws, then the charges could be dropped and the child gets into more problems with incest. Therefore, the background of the incest is very important to the laws definition. By the people involved, the form, and why it occurs are critical to helping the child out when delimitate the term. The definition of incest by the law should be closer to the definition of psychologists in order to help out the family. It is evident that we still know very little about how to treat the sexual offender and the abused child effectively. (Kempe, pg 109)

Human Nature is essentially evil in Lord of the Flies Essay

During the 1950s when Golding had written Lord of the Flies war and conflict was amongst them. World War Two had recently end and there was strong tension between Russia and the West. Russia and America had been building up nuclear weapons since the 1930s, believing that these weapons would protect them from attack. This is known as the Cold War. In the loudness Golding constantly gives us hints that war is going on, for example when Piggy reminds Ralph that the plane crashed because they were attacked.The adult world at the time was full of sliminess and hate which is shown in the disc. For example Hitler, whose aggresive ways seem to mirror the actions of Jack, who throughout the novel builds up power, eventually forming a dictatorship.When the boys arrive on the island the situation is calm. From the beginning we prick to see some of Jacks dictitorial traits, this shown by the introduction of the choir boys and him wanting to be chief. Most of the boys side with Ralph and elec t him as leader. Jack is also depict as having red hair, which is often used to portray someone with a fiery personality. Jack is the character who has largest appetite to kill his highest ambition towards the beginning of the book is to kill the pig. Later on in the novel Roger show clear signs of mounting agressive behaviour. In the beginning he started to show his agression by knocking over sand castes built by the littleuns as the novel progresses his actions become ever more violent ending in him killing piggy.Ralph and Piggy contradictory Jack believe in fairness and democracy, the conch and piggys render play an important role in keeping order and sanity in spite of appearance the boys. Towards the end of the novel both of these important items are destroyed. Golding shows that human constitution is evil by making the two sainest characters join in the killing of Simon. The glasses symbolised intelligence and thought so when they were destroyed Ralph often metions a cu rtain meaning he cant think clearly.The beast is first perceive by a littleun who said he saw a snake like beast in the shadow that turned out be a creeper when daylight returned. This beast is probably the most important factor in book because it symbolises fear in the heart of man. initially the boys take no notice of this littleun but as time goes on other boys believe they have seen the beast but in a different form. Jack tries to show his bravery by offering hunt down the beast. Ralph tries to be rational and explain that there is no such matter but he has difficulty persuaded the other boys.Jack and Ralph believe in totally different principles with this in mind Jack forms his own tribe who are there to hunt and have fun, were Ralph requires the boys to tend to the fire and build shelters. The boys fear of the beast increases aswell as the boys savage behaviour. The boys on a regular basis perform a tribal dance with one the boys pretending to be a pig dancing and chanting kill pig, cut his throat, and spill his kindred this chanting is both primitive and pagan. Whether real or imaginary the beast is present in all, it represents what Ralph calls the darkness I mans heart this shows that the beast is capacity for evil and wrong doing in all of us.Law and order disintegrates gradually, as the fear of the beast becomes more real over time. The conch and piggys glasses were the tenderness of law, order and democracy so once they were desroyed democracy and order andhad gone with it.Were nearly all of the other boys show that human nature is essetially evil, there is one character that stands out for goodness and innocence which is Simon. Simon is shown to be unconventional he is also thoughtful and kind. He is shown to be good money box the end. He often will just go off on his own which eventually puts him it great danger because once he wandered off during the night and a littleun saw him and believed him to be the beast. Golding was a very relious man, some people think that Simon represents Jesus.He dies because he tries telling the others the truth about the soldier whom they believe is the beast but they dont care. He has a conversation with the Lord of the Flies which represents the confrontation between good and evil. Some of the oral communication that Golding uses when he is talking about Simon describe religious scences the candle buds open wide as he sits alone in the set at dusk which makes you think of church candles. He is the true exception in this book the one that is truly good.

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