Job Analysis Paper Essay Example for Free

Job Analysis Paper EssayJob analyses are a way to create detailed task descriptions employ by businesses to promote efficiency and best match potential between the employer and employee alone there are many other reasons to complete a moving in abbreviation. According to Ash and Levine (1980) there are 11 common utilizations for antic summary career development performance appraisal legal issues recruitment and infusion of employees training setting salaries efficiency/safety demarcation classification lineage description job design and planning (Spector, 2008) There are many shipway to complete a job analysis and the method utilize usually depends on the suit of job or business. The four most common job analysis types are the job comp unitynt inventory functional job analysis position analysis questionnaire and task inventory (Spector, 2008). For this subject this writer has elect to use the functional job analysis method, utilizing the O*NET electronic database which was previously found in the Dictionary or Occupational Titles (DOT) and is produced by the unify States Department of Labor (Spector, 2008). The occupation chosen is Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselor. This paper will also look at the reliability and daring of the useable Job Analysis as well as some of the pros and cons surrounding the four common methods mentioned above.See more how to write an analysis paper on an article examplesFunctional Job Analysis-Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder CounselorThe functional job analysis is a comprehensive method that makes use of observation, interviews, and scores on several(prenominal)(prenominal) dimensions these dimensions are relevant to all jobs fashioning this a uniform method to obtain information no matter what the job may be (Spector, 2008). The functional job analysis of a substance abuse specialist is as follows. (Note due to the extensive amount of information provided a great deal information will be paraphrased and writer will not include 100% of the data provided by O*NET.gov. Also, the information provided is to show an understanding of the Functional Job Analysis along with the six domains employ by the O*NET website.)Job Description The analysis begins with a job description as well as some of the titles associated with this vocation. In this case the job is to provide counseling to those struggling with addictions that include substances just now also addictions to gambling, or other a barely addictions ( one(a)tonline.gov, 2012). Job titles include Counselor Substance Abuse Counselor Chemical Dependency Professional (Onetoneline, 2012).Tools TechnologyThe next section discusses the tools technology widely distributedly used for this occupation. They include Alcohol Breathalyzers Personal Computers and Spreadsheet Software. While this is an extremely comprehensive source there are items that are missing this writer noted the absence of water analysis kits used often in the field.Tasks Tasks according to the O*net website include but are not limited to Completion and Maintenance of Records and Reports hold Chemical Dependency programs and Coordination with other Mental Health Professionals or Health Professionals as Needed (Onetonline, 2012).Knowledge Knowledge is next and the competencies include Therapy and Counseling psychological science Customer Service and Law and Government (Onetonline, 2012).Skills Skills include but are not limited to Active Listening Social Perceptiveness Critical view and Speaking (Onetonline, 2012).Abilities Some of the abilities are Oral Comprehension Oral Expression Problem Sensitivity and Speech Clarity (Onetonline, 2012).Work Activities The work activities include Assisting and compassionate for others Communicating with Peers, subordinates, and others Documenting/Recording Informations and Getting Information (Onetonline, 2012).Work Context The work context appears to be questions one would ask a prospe ctive employer about the temperament of any particular position. Questions center on particular job duties such as the length of time spent on the telephone, or how often one would be called upon to work with external customers and even if there would be time constraints or deadlines (Onetonline, 2012).Job Zone The job zone is devoted to the educational requirements, connect experience, and a general look at the type of job it is. In this category some of the examples include accountants sales managers and chemists (Onetonline, 2012).Education Looks at the levels of education require in the field (Onetonline, 2012) Interests This job is categorized as SAI Social Artistic and Investigative (Onetonline, 2012).Work Styles Work styles are mainly characteristics held by people within the field. Self Control, Stress Tolerance, Concern for Others, and Dependability are just some of them (Onetonline, 2012).Work Values People that work in the field are tell to value relationships, achie vement, and independence (Onetonline, 2012).Wages Employment Trends Lastly this job analysis discusses wages and manipulation trends on a national and local level (Onetonline, 2012). reliability and ValidityIn order to understand the reliability and validity of job analyses one must have an understanding of who provides the information and who is responsible for gathering and making sense of the data. According to Spector (2008) Job analysis information is collected in several ways by people trained in quantifying job characteristics and the KSAOs necessary to accomplish the different aspects of jobs. These people either survey the employees who do the jobs in question or experience the job firsthand by doing it themselves or notice it being done. The information is provided by job analysts, supervisors, job incumbents, and/or trained observers. Because supervisors and job incumbents have experience in the field they can be known as subject matter experts or SMEs (Spector, 2008) .According to the research Dierdoff and Wilson (2003) found that when creating job analysis there is a reliability factor of .83 showing consistency. Depending on the type of rater inter-rater reliability was lower. Task inventory military ranks varied depending on the scale given, or importance of a task and inter-rater reliabilities also varied quite a bit (Spector, 2008). So it seems that if a task inventory rating is used it should be done with great care.Validity is fairly high but comes with a caution. Once again the issue of peoples judgments and bias comes up (Spector, 2008). Job analysis is useful to I/Os but must be carefully considered to assess validity (Spector, 2008).The job analysis provided by O*NET.gov was accurate and comprehensive but one could see that it is not possible to pinpoint every aspect of the job. Some parts may not apply or may apply to one place of employment and not another. Of course there are also the possible omissions such as the Urine Analysi s under tools and equipment. This writer does feel that this particular analysis was reliable and valid based on first-hand knowledge of the field.Performance Appraisal MethodsThere are two types of appraisals one is objective and the other subjective. Objective appraisals are a way to measure things like absences, or productivity. This would be a simple way of rating people in certain vocations where showing up and meeting a quota is important. Take people that work in a factory and need to produce high volume this is one example of where this type of appraisal method would be beneficial. Certain aspects of performance can be measured very well using an objective approach but several weaknesses stand out. One is that the object being measured is not always clear the other is that it is prone to human error (Spector, 2008) There are several subjective appraisal methods the graphic-rating form and many behavior-focused rating forms. These are more likely to be used and measure both t rait performance and general aspects of performance (Spector, 2008).Graphic-Rating FormA graphic rating form is a chart with several areas that can be rated with choices either numbered or with other wrong such as frequently to never at all (Spector, 2008). It is a way to make an evaluation on many dimensions relating to a particular job. This is an economical way to get an overall picture.Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)The BARS is a way of evaluating performance on a behavioral level. Relevant job expectations or behaviors are listed and the evaluator will find the choice that best describes an employees level of performance along a continuum (Spector, 2008).Mixed Standard Scale (MSS)A MSS has several statements that describe performance or behaviors with three choices that describe a particular level of performance (Spector, 2008). The three choices are randomly placed but they represent good performance, satisfactory performance and poor performance (Spector, 2008). T his method like others gives a good overall picture but lacks the details that may surround poor performance.Behavior-Observation-Scale (genus Bos)The BOS is a way to measure behaviors using a percentage. Instead of describing how well a person responds it describes how often the behavior is seen. One rating could be Stays on Task and the evaluator or observer is to estimate using percentages how well the employee stays on task (Spector, 2008). The BOS is also similar to a mixed-standard scale because it uses critical incidence and either a poor or efficient behavior but instead of rating behaviors the BOS rates frequency (Spector, 2008). One of the criticisms of the BOS is that to an outsider it may be hard to interpret (Spector, 2008) ConclusionThis has been an overview of job analysis, perforamance appraisal, and the concepts of reliability and validity. We have seen that job analysis can be a great source of information. Not only does it provide details pertaining to a particula r job but the job analysis can also overhaul in the business world by providing possible legal and ethical issues, training program development and to help establish salaries just to name a few. We also know that there are several methods used to rate an employees performance which one is utilized depends on how detailed and what type of information needs to be measured. Lastly as with most other assessments, ratings, and measurements the reliability and validity of any job analysis is open to bias, and other human factors. All of these things must be taken into consideration and critical thinking generally applies.

Mexican American Journal Entry Essay Example for Free

Mexican American Journal Entry EssayIt has been 11 days since we have arrived to Los Angeles, California. I can still flirt with the feeling of when my father had said to us that he we would be moving to a far couch to try to find better jobs for my cause and him because with the two jobs my father had and the washing and ironing of other peoples clothes my mom did was not bringing enough currency to support my sisters and me and did they wanted to provide a better life for my sisters and me. Mexico was such a poor country that my parents could not date stamp themselves make enough bills to support my sisters and me, let alone see us get a better education. So my parents decide to migrate to the United States with one of my mothers brother. We arrived in Los Angeles, California on July 16, 1931, with my Aunt Julia and Uncle Fernando. My family and I were so happy to finally arrive to the U. S. to live the American Dream. Soon we would find out that our dreams would watch crushing down fast.After settling down, my mother decided it was time to enroll my sisters and me into educate. My mother asked my Aunt Julia and Uncle Fernando what my sisters and I need to enroll into school merely since my aunt and uncle did not have both children, they were unable to tell my parents the information we would need. As my mother, my sisters and I walked into the school we could notice all the gringos looking at us in a weird way (looking at us like we did not belong thither). My mother can right away tell that there was something wrong that we would not be accepted into that school.My mom was correct, as we entered the office the school secretary told my mother that we were not welcomed there and that if she wanted to enroll us into school it needed to be in a segregated Mexican school. Walking out of the school with confusion on her face, my mother saw an senile Mexican American woman who spoke Spanish and asked her if she knew the reason we were not accepted into the school. The woman proceeded to explain to my mother that in the past few long time galore(postnominal) Mexicans were migrating to the U. S forced by the economic and political disorder produced by the Mexican Revolution and were tempted by jobs in U.S. agribusiness and industry that many Americans feared losing their jobs to underpaid illegal immigrants. Americans could not deal with losing the jobs they had especially during this time of the Great Depression. The elderly woman proceeded to explain to my mother that Mexicans were not welcomed to California or other split of the country, that Mexicans were discriminated against and that we only had to go to schools that were for Mexicans only, that the only language we could speak in the schools regardless if they were for Mexicans only was English. She read my mother some signs that said, NO MEXICANS ALLOWED. She continued to tell my mother which neighborhoods we could not enter and which we could. If we saw signs like t he ones she read for us, then we should be aware that we were not wanted there. After finding an all Mexican school for my sisters and me, my parents thought the hard part was over. I would here them talking in their bed room that as long as they did not bother the gringos or got in there way we would not have anything to worry about but they were wrong. Shortly after being able to find jobs for themselves, I began to see my parents worried and listening to their radios all the time.They had just found out that Mexicans were being deported back to Mexico regardless of their legal status. The news stated that tens of thousands of Mexican families were arrested and sent to fling for 10 days before they were sent to Mexico by train, because of an anti-immigrant campaign that the Americans had done. Those families were not tending(p) a chance to proof if any family members were U. S citizens. Families were not given the chance to take anything with them. The news also began announcing free trains rides back to Mexico for Mexican American and Mexicans who wished to voluntarily be taken back to Mexico.I can remember seeing my mother cry because she said she did not want to return to Mexico and live in the horrible conditions we were living in before. She begged my father to do something so we did not have to return to Mexico. One day my father came home telling my mother that he had heard of migrant work camps established by the U. S. Farm Security Administration, or FSA and that they had a possibility of getting jobs there to halt in the U. S. The camps provided housing, food, and medicine for immigrant families as well as safety from any criminal elements that can take advantage of defenseless immigrants.We had the possibility of staying we were extremely happy Little by little more Mexicans have extended their stay as well as the places were we live at. The most popular places where Mexicans live at now are Chicago, California, and New York. We stayed in the U . S. , my sisters and I are receiving a great education and compared to Mexico, I think we are now living the American Dream Reference Depression and the Struggle for Survival. (2005, April 20). Immigration. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from The Library of Congress. Koch, W. (2006, April 4). thirty-something Deportees Await Apology. USA TODAY. Retrieved from httpwww. usatoday. com.

Language teaching methods

Language teaching methodsLanguage teaching methodsThe debate concerning oral communication teaching methods has a coherent tradition. Although there is nomenclature teaching in all countries, many countries developed their own language pedagogy. For many years English as a unconnected language (EFL) instructors used the same language pedagogy everywhere namely Communicative Language Teaching. CLT is now the ruling, central paradigm in language teaching, which has wrought the thinking of the teachers. Teachers usually use CLT as a language teaching method however, I think that this is non the only way to learn a language properly. First of all, the CLT method neglects the context of use in which the language teaching takes place. For example, there was a native speaker of English who travelled to Japan. He did not know anything about the culture and their language pedagogy, but he thought that CLT is the only way to teach a language, so it proved him that the other shipway of teaching a language are failing (Bax, 2003). I disagree with him because I think if there is an emphasis laid on context, it leads the teachers to a more effective teaching. Secondly, teachers in the teacher trainings are taught to use methodology and to not to take into account what the context is. A teacher, who did a teacher training course, stated, The context of things was basically up to the teacher to try and apply the methodology to contexts (Bax, 2003, p. 282). It is stated, that methodology is only one factor of the successful language learning (Bax, 2003). If a teacher is taught and encouraged to use only the methodology, he or she reduces the chances of the learner in successful language learning. In my touch, cultural specificity should not be neglected on the teacher training courses. To summarise, teachers should be taught to take context into account. Thirdly, some people say thatmethodology is essential to learning a language, but in my opinion the needs of the s tudents are more important. Many people learn a language properly with other methods in those countries where teachers do not use CLT. in that location is the perfect example of the teacher who teaches in the Czech Republic, where not CLT is the used language pedagogy, and she did not understand how the students were able to learn to speak English sooner well without it. However, on the other hand I bear to assume that CLT is used world-wide, and it seems to be very successful. As Harmer (2003) points out, Methodology is fundamental to the learning of language classrooms where teachers are working (p. 24). It is true that teachers have to plan their classes, and they cannot only rely on the context in which the teaching takes place. I do not recant the importance of the CLT, but I think that other approaches may be more successful.In conclusion, I have to admit that not only CLT is the shell solution when learning a language. Teachers have to take into consideration the context in which the language teaching takes place, and they cannot neglect the students needs and wishes. As I have mentioned, teachers do not really pay attention to the context because they were taught to use methodology. In short, the needs of the students are substantial, but the students also have to play an vigorous role in their own language learning. (553 words)ReferencesBax, S. (2003). The end of CLT a context approach to language teaching. ELT Journal, 57(3), 278-287.Harmer, J. (2003). Popular culture, methods, and context. ELT Journal, 57(3), 288-294.Lee, I. (1998). Supporting greater autonomy in language learning. ELT Journal, 52(4), 282-289.

Media Essays News Citizen Journalist

Media Essays News Citizen JournalistNews Citizen JournalistIntroductionWe live in an era of information clog up it requires no groundbreaking analysis to establish this. Society is bombarded from e real angle with intelligence operation Newspapers television streaming intelligence agency services on the Internet and self- computeed blogs written by citizen journalist. This worldwide change has occurred over the course of a minute fourth dimensionscale.Since the dawn of journalism until very of late, there were always a bounded number of news sources. In the 80s there were ten UK dailies, and three cables which contained news bulletins. By 1998, at the dawn of online news coverage, articles were a day old and suffered the disadvantage of non being specifically written as an online medium. Sites were updated once a day, and breaking news would sometimes be cover by a small(a) news ticker at the just about.If we argon to use September 11th as a comparative vantage point, cast close to the present and catastrophic at a worldwide level, the scale of the change indoors the news becomes visible.The 7/11 bombings in the States were viewed in Britain on five terrestrial television channels, three dedicated news channels (BBC News 24, Sky News and ITV News), and news services such as Reuters, CNBC and Bloomberg provided continuous information updates. This does not even attempt to cover the countless other news sources around the world whose focus was to cover this tragic resolution around the clock. The Internet was saturated with theories, creditable news stories and speculation. The Guardian and The New York Times at the time provided online coverage, and since then nearly either news channel has demonstrable online news services.For the first time everyone was capable of acquire their opinion tabu there The Internet allowed people to post their views, share their sadness and sire theories of conspiracy as could never have been done before.On t he 7th July bombings in London BBC 1 and ITV1 had coverage completely uninterrupted until 7pm. Material include heavy(a) amounts of footage sent in by the public, including videos and pictures taken on camera phones.News instanter travels at light speed. The gaps between major news stories, which drop away the publics attention, are hardly long enough to allow absorption of the tier, let alone understanding any greater sense of place tidy sumting within which it may lie.The Internet itself is growing at a massive and uncontrollable rate. According to Eric Schmidt, chief executive of Google, the search engine would need other three hundred years to successfully list the five million terabytes of data it is approximated the internet now holds. Google has been indexing information for the finishing seven years, and has managed to index somewhere in the region of one hundred and seventy million terabytes.Statement of subjectBecause it has never been easier for individuals to br oadcast their opinion, the divide between what is and isnt considered to be journalism is being change. The power to be published has been extended to anyone who may wish to take it Words no longer need to be passed finished an editorial filter instead the public can broadcast their opinions through blogs, feedback and their hold webpages. on that point are countless online forums and e-zines where the public can submit their own work, and as such there are no official standards because we are no longer tied to words entwined in the ethos of a large corporation. For the individual, when it comes to getting their word out, things have never been let on, and the aforementioned(prenominal) applies to music, filmmaking and photography. To be published no longer certifies a vocational integrity.In my dissertation I am spill to assess the increasingly important role of citizen journalist, and the effect of new media on unconditional reporting. In an article in the Guardian on the 1 2th November 2007, David Leigh points out that our principles are being degraded through the lack of discrimination we exert over sources. Some voices are more creditable than othersa named source is better than an anonymous pamphleteer.Essentially I want to assess whether the reporter is a dying species, overrun by citizen journalist, and in what areas a sense of vocationally based journalistic integrity will prevail and withstand the peripeteia taking place in the media. Reporting staffs are being cut globally, with more and more reporters going dispatchlance. Investigative journalism is on the decline, and citizens are contributing to more stories than ever before.Leigh quotes a BBC Radio 4 interview where John Simpson, the BBCs veteran international news correspondent was asked if all news corporations were cutting back. He confirmed that in his opinion reporters were under real threat, and were not remove anymore, We just want peoples opinions about whats happened, not the facts. In the article Leigh quotes Max Hastings, the ex-editor of the Daily Telegraph, who states that all sorts of areas of the world are now thought to be as well as boring to keep a correspondent there. The commentariat has taken over.Explanation of researchRestrictions of studyThe screeningic I am researching is very broad, and varies very much form place to place. The role of citizen journalist is still developing and maturing. The public are only now fully realising the tog up of independent reporting. There is also a psychological dimension that is constantly changing People are only now beginning to trust articles that do not come from the larger news corporations.Research questions and hypothesisI need to inspect public broadcasting standards, and see what mechanisms are in place to tour of duty the news of larger corporations turning completely into infotainment. I need to find out how much larger news corporations rely on spin departments and bosom offices for their information, and how much investigation is carried out independently.At the moment people rely on news corporations for objective news, and tend to read the work of citizen journalist for a second opinion. My hypothesis is that all of this will eventually invert, and the only form of sincere and detailed reporting will very be that of citizen journalist.Definition of underlying termsIn order to understand this essay, the definition of the term citizen journalist must be clarified. There has been much debate over this topic, and much mix-up has ensued.The Internet is the most effective medium through which the public can dynamically post comments, leave opinions after news stories and feel a direct level of interactivity with their news. While it would seem that this would lead to vandalism, sites such as Wikipedia have demonstrated that there are systems effective at minimising this sort of input, and I will examine this in greater detail later.But the ability to simply broadcas t opinion isnt, nor has it ever been journalism. Audiences have always been harness into the process of news making, whether the input may be in the form of letters to the editor or a clip of video phone footage. disdain the fact that during the 7/7 London bombings contributed video footage was used, public contributions have always been vital to journalists.It is easy to forget that when Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas in 1963, Abraham Zapruder, a member of the public who got the best shot of the assassination, shot the video footage seen across the globe. It was his film that was used by analysts to try and determine from where the president was assassinated.But recently the public have been recruited into the news making process at a much greater level. People are intrigued by people, and want to witness the experiences of others, to modify their news stories. Editors and producers embed stories and experience from members of the public into news stories to give them a more personal dimension. This is the citizen as an addition to a news story.At a greater level of interaction, citizens can help report in a participatory manner, whereby they contribute to a story in the field of their expertise. Their knowledge or guidance is framed within the journalists context. The ability to publish a soft draft of a story on the Internet has make it easier for journalists to gain help from the public to aid a story.Citizen Journalists are too often mistaken for eyewitnesses armoured with new technology. In wake of the 7/7 bombings, people are quick to label the footage and pictures submitted by members of the public as the work of citizen journalist. But I believe citizen journalism entails the bypassing of the commercial news system completely.This is the only way for reporting to not contain the agenda of a large corporation. It can be argued that reporting can never be truly devoid of a personal agenda, but a corporation will inevitably be entwined in a politic al agenda.Citizen Journalist is a term used to describe the actions of amateurs taking it upon themselves to report on subjects in an accurate, and independent manner. It is not to be confused with participatory journalism, where the public are used as sources.Another relevant term is Infotainment, which is essentially a slang term used to describe information given the lurch of entertainment.A summary of what is to followI am going to assess the liberation technological advance has make for citizen journalist, including beneficial and detrimental effects on news production as a whole. I want to see whether there is room for both professional and citizen journalists and whether conventional reporters are a dying species. Using case studies I am going to analyse where stories written by citizen journalist may not have been possible in a larger, corporate journalistic context, and similarly, where reporting would not be possible without the resources available to a larger news corpo ration. As well as this I am going to analyse the trends of corporate news, and asses whether the very roles of citizen journalist and news by larger corporations will invert with serious stories being written by the citizen journalist while corporate news is almost entirely reduced to infotainment.Literature reviewThis topic is relevant because it affects all of the information we receive. The forces of supply and demand work heavily on the corporate news system, and as such are debasing the level of our news. Citizen journalist on the other hand, is relatively free from such forces, and more able to write for niche audiences. There is a new freedom to write honeyately about non-mainstream topics, with the possibility of a worldwide audience.When newspapers first came into circulation, in 15th century German and Flemish states, they lacked the same transfer disposition that they do today. It was the dawn of the industrial revolution and the creation of large cities, the cheapeni ng costs involved in mass printing and the growth of literacy rates provided the market for newspapers in the nineteenth century. Then advertisers realized the true potential for marketing to an ever growing population of newspaper readers, and the costs of newspapers went down even further.The corporate model first took over the Hollywood film industry in 1914, and then the movie distribution system. By 1920 radio had become corporate, and by 1950s television had followed suit. All forms of media were organized in accordance with corporate industrial logic.Government controlled media started to arise in umpteen parts of less highly-developed countries. In Africa and Asia, where power had been handed over to those whom the departing colonial powers were most loose with dealing with. These people were clones of the ruling elite who had once colonised them. Hence the newly emerging media were staf feed by the most Westernised natives. The New World Information gild (NWIO) was crea ted to justify development journalism.The ethos of the organization encouraged state control of the media in order to educate and develop the respective local populations, and in within this line of thinking the education system in developing countries was also shifted into the state run sphere. As Louw points out, Communist control of the media was justified through the same line of argument.In Afro-Asia education and development were managerial tools by which ruling elites (forcibly?) Westernised their populations, thereby increasing the numbers of their own Western tribe. (p.43)One of the most relevant aspects of the Internet, is the creation of an rise to powerible worldwide community that endangers such political mechanisms of control. While once peoples perceptions of life itself were very much narrowed by the culture in which they lived, now people from all over the world have an interface with which they can communicate.The internet has evolved third world countries, with t heir modify and even non existent phone lines missed out on the first generation of the internet. But as technology developed, fibre optic lines and broadband replaced the traditional ways of plugging in, and third-world countries, with no existing infrastructure to replace and facilitated with cheap labour costs, have quickly connected themselves in.The mobile phone revolution was similar basketball team years ago in India if you wanted to make an International call you had to call an operator and book it in. You would then wait by the phone for an arcminute or two, and at some point the operator would call you back and connect you. Now every Indian with a roof over their run also has a mobile. This is an unbelievable phenomenon in a country which frequently still has power cuts, is home to immense poverty and still has a massively unreliable wired phone network. Despite this the prevalence of a mass mobile phone culture took place there even before America had abandoned their two-way.Having come from an Indian background, and with all of my family currently residing there including my fifteen-year-old sister, I have visited the country at least once a year for the last twenty years. I am persistently surprised by the massive changes that occur there from one year to the next, but these are factors relating to matters of economy and monetary development. The most prominent changes have occurred, in my opinion, since the Internet and the mass availability of American cable channels.The standardization of social values simply through observation American cable television is enormous, and the impact on the younger generation is massive when in contrast to their parents. An issue, which is widely ignored in more developed western countries, is the dominance of their media throughout the world, and the lack of correspondence between them and local cultures. The birth of citizen journalist has empowered countless people in less developed countries.But spatial boundaries have been eroded by technology, distance has been tamed and while news once took months or even years to travel, today it travels in the blink of an eye. Because of this the relevance of political borders, and the concept of culture and country has become more peripheral. The importance of the citizen as a reporter, the value of hyper-local news and the democratic nature of the internet as tool for ex puppy loveion is quickly becoming invaluable.In part due to these matters authoritarian states such as China, Cuba and Iran have been forced into move away from their isolation, both ideologically and culturally, and individuals are privy to the writing of journalists not within the borders of their own, controlled domains.Monroe Price asked the question Can a nation state live on in a world in which the boundaries of culture, faith and imagination do not (1995 236). Nation states have survived and, McNair argues in ethnical Chaos, they will hold open to do so. He argues that they will bring into conflict nation states with conflicting ideologies.A brief account of the issues relevant to the topicThe creation of a press department in any company or political organization is a key factor. Journalists rely more and more n the information fed to them by the very people they are seek to write about.*EXPANDWhat is clear is that there will always be some individuals or groups trying to control meaning. Underpinning this is a competition over resources (material, cultural and status). Our life chances are set by the social parameters facilitating or hindering our access to such resources (p25 The Media and Cultural Production Eric Louw, 2001)Technological advances have resulted in a massive, global, spatial dissolution, and are becoming more and more relevant to our lives. This enablement of social realization through geographic space is a concept being dissolved through the advancement of technology. Technology affects the way we write, the footage we c an capture to accompany our stories, and our ability to access the news itself. It is the advancement of technology which has enable the creation of a citizen journalist in the first place.The world is getting smaller, and the amelioration of communicative potential is bringing piece beings closer together. Since the 1980s, and more specifically with the onslaught of live news coverage that CNN brought to the Gulf warfare in 1991, a new sense of immediacy has been brought to the news.There is a new sense of participation, and interactivity that has been brought to broadcasting and the news in general, with broadcasts becoming more dynamic. We can be transported from the isolation of our domestic environments to the parochialism of the news environment we are watching.Through news exposure, which includes the horror of human catastrophe, society is becoming more and more disengaged with the context of what it witnesses. People dont have enough time between major world events to beco me fully acquainted with the context of any particular situation. Broadcasters would rather keep viewers engaged with sensational footage, than bump loosing audiences with a contextual background which could be deemed more boring.As a result people feel that there are too some(prenominal) events to care about any at all, and more importantly there is a widespread concern that we are essentially powerless to do anything about it. Our press has the freedom to fully articulate the injustices of today, but tomorrow there will be new injustices.When the format of the news we are subject to is too consistent and perpetual to never expect not to be shocked by a front page or a top story on a daily basis, we have no choice other than to be emotionally indifferent. McNair describes us as having become fatigued by the propinquity of human suffering (pg 7, Cultural Chaos). The News corporations, governed by the same principles of supply and demand as any other capitalist institutions, have a dvertency born-again our round the clock news coverage into a form of entertainmentof infotainment.One of the primary book I am going to see to it at is We the Media Grassroots journalism, by the people, for the people, by Dan Gillmore. We the Media inspects the blogging phenomenon, and more specifically analyses the relationship between the readers and creators of news.Gillmor acknowledges that blogging is still in an early stage of development, and that in many respects professional journalists are not only behind the developments occurring in news production, but struggling to keep up. He goes on to argue that institutionalized journalism needs a new model of conduct in order to be in a position to fight the good fights.I have also been looking at Cultural Chaos Journalism, news and power in a globalised world by Brian McNair. He draws on examples from the War on Terror, the invasion of Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and the London Underground bombings to examine the relationship betw een journalism and power in the digital age. McNair explores the geographic and cultural breakdown-taking place as provoked by the digital age. He examines the impact of the digital age on journalism the effects it has in creating a global culture.There is a fear among news media professionals that the rise of citizen journalist will eclipse the role of the professional journalist. The biggest, and most universal fear is a public reliance on the information provided by citizen journalist will lack the accuracy and objectivity of the larger corporation.Citizen journalists on the other hand feel that the professional media lack the passion or the flexibility to report as accurately or incisively as them. One of the advantages of citizen journalism is that the massive number of amateur writers overshadows the comparatively small number of professional journalists. When people can choose what to write about, it is guaranteed that they will do so with passion. Their articles will be rese arched it can be argued, with greater dedication. Citizen journalist are ruled by no sense of hierarchy as a group citizen journalist can use a skill set appropriate to a project.However, a journalist is merely meant to be a vehicle through which to convey a message. Will this influx of citizen journalism actually diminish objectivity? At least with the mainstream media the public can have an understanding of the context of the paper in which thy read their article. When a different writer, writes every article with no editor to moderate output, can we ever have an understanding of the standpoint of the writer, with no prior knowledge of him or her. On top of this, we cant even count on a set of defining, professional journalistic principles, nor will amateur writer sever have access to the resources of a professional department.Case StudyOn Sunday, April 6th there was an article in the New York Times Observer about an undercover vegan, who set out to expose the horrific conditions of a South California slaughterhouse. To fit in he bought sandwiches made from soy riblets and ate them in a ratty car parking lot with the other workers.Despite his vegan beliefs, this citizen journalist spent long days escorting cows to the kill. Armed with a buttonhole camera, he made sure he was successful in recording images of workers flipping sick dairy cows with forklifts, prodding them with electrical charges and dragging them by their legs with chains so that they could be processed into ground meat. The investigation resulted in the United States authorities taking action at a national level.The film the citizen made was picked up by the mainstream media, and was effective because it was edited in a sensationistically limited manner. Citizen journalism is useful because it allows smaller groups of people to be heard, and the more empowered we become by technological advances, the easier it becomes for us to challenge the images we are exposed to by the mainstream media.

Definition of Service Quality

Definition of inspection and repair QualityAccording to Farlex Free Dictionary, a night club also known as a discotheque, or plain a club or disco is an establishment or an entertainment venue which usually operates late at night, provides entertainment such as bounce and generally opens until the early morning. In addition as per Wikipedia, a nightclub is differed from bars, pubs or taverns by the inclusion of a dance floor and a discus Jockey (DJ) booth, where a DJ plays recorded dance, hip hop, rock, reggae, dub step, pop music and a mix of songs played.1.2 Definition of Service QualityPhilip Kotler (1997) defined return as an action or an activity which can be offered by a take aparty to an other(a) party, which is basically intangible and can not adjoin any ownership. Service may be related to tangible product or intangible product On the other hand, Zeithaml and Bitner (200385) mentioned that, Service quality is a focused evaluation that reflects the customers perception of specific dimensions of value namely reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles. Based on the assessment of overhaul quality provided to the customers, business operators be able to site problem quickly, improve their service and better assess client expectation. (Business Dictionary.com)1.3 Importance of Service qualityLonde et al, 1988 stated that it is the customer service management that will add up the importance of service. In services marketing, customer service is regarded as a component of marketing mix. Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996 mentioned that high quality customer service is not in effect(p) customer service department but all levels of management and staffs need to accept and have a state of mind regarding customer care. On the other hand, Payne, 1995 added that there is pressure on customer service due to competition and technological. He also stated that higher standards of service are being demanded by consumers as they are becoming more sophis ticated and updated in their requirements and to them service refers as customer satisfaction, customer delight, service delivery, customer relationship, hence, to provide good service to customers, service companies need to take into consideration the important variables of service quality namely, assurance, empathy, reliability, responsiveness and tangibles. Thus as per Payne, 1995 customer service and quality improvement initiatives are closely related to each other. Moreover, marketing, customer service and relationship marketing are brought together through relationship marketing and marketers are very concerned about the attainment of quality. (Christopher and Ballantyne, 1991)However, diverse authors have stated that service quality has been associated as having clear relationships to the following factorsCosts ( Crosby,1979)Profitability ( Buzzell and Gale,1987Rust and Zahorik,1993)Customer rejoicing ( Boltan and Drew,1991 Boulding et al,1993)Customer retention (Reichhel d and Sasser,1990)Behavioural intention and positive word of mouth(Anderson and Zeithmal, 1984 Philips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983)Moreover, Anderson and Zeithmal, 1984 Philips, Chang and Buzzell, 1983 claimed that, customers buying decisions are influenced by quality which is considered as the most important procure decision factor and it also contributes to market share and return on investment.Garvin,1983 added that quality has strategic benefits in terms of improving productivity and lowering manufacturing costs.1.4 Dimensions of Service Quality SERVQUAL ModelAccording to A. Parasuraman, V.A.Zeithaml, and L.L.Berry, it is during the service delivery that the quality of services is assessed and the contact with each customer implies as a chance to satisfy or dissatisfy the customer, a moment of truth. They defined customer satisfaction with regards to service as by comparing perceptions of service received with expectations of service desired. They also mentioned that an slight qu ality of service is comprehend when expectations are exceeded and on the other hand, service quality is considered as unacceptable when expectations are not met. Lastly, quality is satisfactory when perceived service confirmed expectations.In addition, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (PZBs1988) introduced five dimensions which led to the development of SETVQUAL, these dimensions are as followsTangibles These include the appearance of employees, physical facilities being offered and equipment which form part of service experience.Reliability The way the service is being delivered, that is, the ability to deliver the promised service precisely and consistently.Responsiveness Willingness to help customers, respond to their queries and also to provide quick service to them.Assurance Understanding and courtesy of staffs and their capability to inspire trust and confidence.Empathy Helpful, care about the customers requirements and the firm provides individualised attention to its custo mers with compassion.Furthermore, as shown in the convention 1.1 below A conceptual model of service quality with the dimensions of service quality was developed by A. Parasuraman, V.A.Zeithaml, and L.L.Berry. They based their research on several different service categories like for example retail banking, long distance telephone service, credit card companies. Thus, they identified that tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy were the five main dimensions used by customers to judge service quality.Perceived Service Quality-1. Expectation ExceedsESPS (Unacceptable Quality)Dimensions of Service Quality-ReliabilityResponsivenessAssuranceEmpathyTangiblesWord of MouthPersonal inescapablyPerceivedService (PS)Expected Service (ES)PastExperienceAs shown from the diagram above, A. Parasuraman, V.A.Zeithaml, and L.L.Berry added that customers judgements of service quality are based on a comparison between expected and perceived quality. They also stated that the gap between expected and perceived service is a measure of service quality that is satisfaction which is either negative or positive. They also found that in order to ensure consistent delivery of services organisations are faced with challenges to design their service delivery systems.However, many authors have also put forward different conceptualisations over the time, like for instance three component structure- functional, reputational quality and technical by Gronroos (1984).Five components namely level of customer satisfaction, customer interaction/staff, internal organisation, corporate image and physical support given to service producing system.( Nguyen, 1988)

Physics of Baseball :: physics sport sports baseball

Finding and understanding the sweet spot on a wooden bat.When you strike a bat against a clustering it sends vibrations, much like the vibrations acting on airplanes or bridges, which travel in waves through the bat. This motion is important to understand because every(prenominal) vibration the bat experiences takes muscle away from the balls speed as it leaves the bat.If you hit the ball at a bats nodes, the frequencies (each bat vibrates at several low and noble frequencies at once, which is like the harmonics of stringed instruments) cancel out and since this happens you dont feel the sting in your hands that you experience when you hit the ball at different points on the bat. in that location is some discrepency of where the sweet spot is on the bat. Some believe that the sweet spot is 17 inches from the end and others believe that it is 6 inches from the end. For a wooden bat, I tend to believe that the sweet spot is 6 inches from the end of a 34 inch bat (opposite of where your hands are). This is referable to the fact that if you were to hit a ball 17 inches from the end, you would be hitting on the bats emblem. If hit hard enough, the bat would break because this is a weak spot in the bat due to the stamping of the emblem.Its Basic PhysicsWhen looking at a collision between a baseball bat and ball, three things always apply saving of one-dimensional momentum-The linear momentum of a particle of mass, m, moving with a velocity, v, is defined to be the product of the mass and velocity p=mvElastic collision-An whippy collision between two objects is one in which total kinetic energy (as well as total momentum) is the same before and after the collision.Conservation of energy-Energy can never be created or destroyed. Energy may be transformed from one form to another, but the total energy of an disjunct system is always constant.Newtons Third Law-States that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.How hitting the ball worksThe Swing When a person swings a bat, their arms propel the bat to a high velocity which is needed to transfer momentum to the ball and send it sailing. Also, there is a transfer of energy starting with the batter then moving from the batters arms to the bat and then when contact is being made with the ball the energy in the bat is transferred to the ball which propels the ball forward (hopefully)) The force that acts on the ball, as contact is being made (contact is about 1/1000sec.

Home Tech Essay -- essays research papers

The Toilet Yes...those tales youve heard are true.The toilet was first patented in England in 1775,invented by hotshot Thomas Crapper, but theextraordinary automatic device called the flushtoilet has been around for a long time. LeonardoDa Vinci in the 1400s designed ace that worked,at least on paper, and Queen Elizabeth I reputablyhad one in her palace in Richmond in 1556,complete with flushing and overflow pipes, a bowlvalve and a drain trap. In all versions, ancient andmodern, the working principle is the same.Tripping a single lever (the handle) sets in motion aseries of actions. The trip handle lifts the seal, usually a rubber flapper, allowing water to flowinto the bowl. When the tank car is nearly empty, theflap falls back in model over the water emergelet. Afloating ball falls with the water level, opening thewater supply inlet valve just as the outlet is organismclosed. Water flows through the bowl refill tubeinto the overflow pipe to replenish the trap sealingwater. A s the water level in the tank nears the topof the overflow pipe, the float closes the inletvalve, completing the cycle. From the oldest ofgadgets in the bathroom, lets turn to one of thenewest, the toothpaste pump. Sick and tired oftoothpaste squeezed all over your sink andfaucets? Does your spouse neer ever roll downthe tube and continually squeezes it in the middle?Then the toothpaste pump is for you When youpress the button it pushes an internal, valleculad roddown the tube. around the bottom of the rod is apiston, supported by little metal flanges called"dogs", which seat themselves in the grooves onthe rod. As the rod moves down, the dogs slideout of the groove theyre in and click into the oneabove it. When you release the button, the springbrings the rod back up carrying the piston with it,now seated one notch higher. This pushesone-notchs-worth of toothpaste out of the nozzle.A measured amount of toothpaste every time andno more goo on the sink. Refrigerators Over 90percent of all North American homes withelectricity have refrigerators. It seems to be theone appliance that North Americans can just notdo without. The machines popularity as a foodpreserver is a relatively recent phenomenon,considering that the principles were known asearly as 1748. A liquid absorbs heat from itssurroundings when it evaporates into a gas a gasrelease... ... simply are sold every day in North America. Inkfeeds by gravity through five veins in a nose cone,usually made of brass, to a tungsten carbide ball.During the composition process, the ball rotates, pickingup a continuous ink supply through the nose coneand transferring it to the writing paper. The ball isa perfect sphere, which must fit precisely into theextremely smooth nose cone socket so that it willrotate freely stock-still be held tightly in place so thatthere is an even ink flow. Although it soundsdeceptively simple, perhaps the most amazingthing about ball-point pens is the ink. wherefore doesntit just run out the end? Why doesnt it dry up in theplastic cartridge? Bic describes the ink as"exclusive, fast-drying, yet free menstruum". Theformula is, of course, secret. In the 19th century,writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emersonexpressed a fear that perhaps we all feel to someextent, that "things are in the institutionalize and rideMankind". But with the help of good householdreference books, friendly reference librarians, andhelpful manufacturers only too willing to helpconsumers apprehend their products, we can atleast get a rein on the technology in our homes.