Fairy Tales By Arthur Schlesinger - 907 Words

Fairy tales is the term also used to describe something adored with unusual happiness, like â€Å"fairy tale ending† a happing ending or â€Å"fairy tale romance†, though not all fairy tale as a happy ending. A fairy tales is a type of short story that consistently features European folkloric fantasy characters, such as dwarves, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, mermaids, trolls, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy Tale Fairy tales may be acclaimed from other folk narratives such as legends which generally involves belief in the veracity of the events described and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. Fairy Tale. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 June 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. According to Arthur Schlesinger, classical tales â€Å"tells children what they unconsciously know-that human nature is not innately good, that conflict is real, that life is harsh before it is happy-and thereby reassure them about their own fears and their ow n sense of self† (229). Fairy tales, according to the British illustrator Arthur Rackman have become â€Å"part of our everyday thought and expression, and help to shape our lives† (229). Fairy tales are mostly used in any story that is not only true, but could not possibly be true. Maria Tatar the author of numerous articles on fairy tales and also ten scholarly books wrote that â€Å"fairy tales are up close and personal, telling us about the quest of romance and riches, for power and privilege, and, and most important, for a wayShow MoreRelatedPrincess Diana Essay example1691 Words   |  7 PagesJuly 29, 1981, Lady Diana Frances Spencer and Charles Philip Arthur George were joined together in holy matrimony in St. Paul’s Cathedral. This day was the most remembered day in British history. This was the largest media event of all time (The Prince 1-2). Half a million people joined the couple at the royal wedding. Residents from London and every part of the wor ld, along with the royal families of the two, sat and watched the fairy tale begin right before their eyes (Hall 35). Along with the guestsRead MoreEssay on Pocahontas2785 Words   |  12 Pageshistorical facts is not an issue’† (Colt 64). Tilton and Ramussen suggest that the importance of Pocahontas is that the film will succeed in bringing the Legend of Pocahontas, as we know it, to the largest audience that ever has been exposed to her tale. It will convey the essential elements that are present in the story, and it will demonstrate that Pocahontas was â€Å"an individual of unusual energy and vision who influenced the course of history† (Ramussen and Tilton 50). They go on further to add

Essay about Comparision of Wordsworth and Blakes Poems

Authors, William Wordsworth and William Blake convey different messages and themes in their poems, â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us† and â€Å"The Tyger† consecutively by using the different mechanics one needs to create poetry. Both poems are closely related since they portray different aspects of society but the message remains different. Wordsworth’s poem describes a conflict between nature and humanity, while Blake’s poem issues God’s creations of completely different creatures. In â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us,† we figure the theme to be exactly what the title suggests: Humans are so self-absorbed with other things such as materialism that there’s no time left for anything else. In â€Å"The Tyger† the theme revolves around the question of what†¦show more content†¦Imagery is clearly evident all throughout the poem, like for example, in lines 6-7, Wordsworth describes how the winds that used to be there a re â€Å"fading† and â€Å"dormant† which makes the reader just picture himself being within nature at that moment. Metaphors and personification are in lines 5 and 7 with the phrase, â€Å"sleeping flowers† and â€Å"Sea bares her bosom,† since the flowers and sea are given a humanlike quality. An apparent metaphor is given in the 10th line where the speaker mentions he rather be a pagan suckled in a creed outworn† which is being compared to a mother nursing a baby. Finally, there’s a simile in lines 6-7 which compare the winds to â€Å"sleeping flowers.† In â€Å"The Tyger,† there are plenty of mechanics apparent to help develop the meaning of the poem. There’s definitely a meter which makes the poem run smoothly and the rhyme scheme is AABB†¦and so on. Most of the punctuation used during the poem is question marks since William Blake writes this poem questioning this mysterious and fascinating creation of the â⠂¬Å"Tyger.† The speaker is unclear in the poem but I think it’s someone who can definitely vision the appearance of this captivating creature. There’s a lot of repetition in the poem beginning with the first line where the word, â€Å"Tyger†

Iwantto Become a Rapper Free Essays

Name:English 11H Chapter 18-30 Questions Due Monday, March 11! (pages 89-151) 1. What is symbolic about Edna considering the Ratignolles’ life French and foreign? The concept of marriage has become foreign to her. The Ratignolles purpose of life is much different from hers. We will write a custom essay sample on Iwantto Become a Rapper or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Why does Edna pity Adele after witnessing this marital bliss? Edna pities Adele because Adele will never know Edna’s true feelings about her desire to be an independent women and her desire to make love with another man. Adele has a different perspective of life than Edna which makes it hard for her to tell her true desire. . Why is it more powerful for Edna to neglect her household than to have temper tantrums? If Edna neglects her household she would get more of a reaction from Lenoce than to have a temper tantrum. 4. Why does it make sense that Adele wouldn’t like Mademoiselle Reisz? Adele is the exact opposite than Mademoiselle Reisz in what Adele believes in. They have different views in life. Adele is more of a house wife who enjoys being around her family while Mademoiselle Reisz is more independent , she is unmarried and also childless, she focuses on herself more than others. 5. Why do Robert’s letters fill Edna with despondency? Most of his letters were not sent to Edna but the ones that were had no emotions to it. 6. What is the centerpiece of Mademoiselle Reisz’s apartment? She has a piano at the centerpiece. 7. What does M. Reisz tell Edna about being an artist? That in order to be an artist , she must possess a courageous soul that dares and defies 8. Why does Leonce go to consult Dr. Mandelet? The change in Edna’s behavior. 9. What does Dr. Mandelet fear is the cause of Edna’s change? That she may like another man. 10. What is Edna and her father’s relationship like? They are not is not affectionate. He believes that husbands should take authority over their wives which Edna oppose. Chapter 18-30 Questions Due Monday, March 11! (pages 89-151) 11. How does Edna feel and act toward Leonce right before he leaves for a long trip to NY? She actually gets a bit emotional and starts tearing up when Leonce leaves. she feels sad but not for to long. 12. How does Edna feel after Leonce and the children have gone? She feels at peace and free. 13. Who is Alcee Arobin and where did Edna meet him? A man that Edna starts having feeling for. They met at the horse race at Grand Isle. 14. Why is Edna making preparations to move to another house while Leonce is away? So she would think about Leonce possession over her. She want to be able to forget about him and think more about herself. 15. Is Leonce aware of Edna’s plans? Yes but he doesn’t agree with her. 16. Why does Edna say she is a wicked woman? 17. What specifically does Edna not feel for her relationship with Alcee Arobin? She doesn’t feel love for Alcee but lust 18. What does Edna take from the old house to the new? 19. Why is Adele unable to attend Edna’s dinner party? How to cite Iwantto Become a Rapper, Essay examples

Law and Business Case of Solvency Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Law and Business Case of Solvency. Answer: Introduction The directors of a company always think about making the business successful. In the situations, when the company functions as per the plan and achieves success, the directors do not think about the adverse situations. In such circumstances, the duties of the director are not allocated towards the shareholders, but towards the creditors, who might not be paid. It becomes a major duty of the director to prevent a company from performing trade or business in a case of solvency. Allowing a company to perform trade during insolvency is considered as a breach of duty on the part of director and it might also have serious financial impact over the director personally. They can be held liable for insolvent trading, which means, they might personally be held liable for the unpaid debts of the company incurred at the time when the company was insolvent. In this paper, the duties and liabilities of the director towards the company during the period of insolvency will be taken into consideratio n in detail. Discussion Section 95A of the Corporations Act of Australia deals with the issue related to the solvency and insolvency of a company. Under this section, an individual is considered as solvent, if he/she is able to pay all the debts and vice versa for insolvency. It means, a company is considered as insolvent if and when it is unable to pay the debts which it owes to others. There are various indicators which are considered while determining the insolvency of a company. However, it depends upon the company and its directors, who might be required to obtain professional advice if essential(Cactus Consulting, 2015). The Corporations Act imposes general duties on directors and officers of the company, which include the duties to exercise their powers and duties with care and diligence as a reasonable person in order to ensure others about the financial position of the organization and that they do not trade in situation of insolvency(European Commission, 2013). It becomes the duty of the director to exercise their powers and duties in the best interests of the company for proper purpose(ASIC, 2017). It becomes the duty of the director not to improperly utilize their position or the information obtained through position to gain an advantage for themselves or others or to cause damage to the company. In addition to it, it is the duty of the directors not to trade during insolvency and to keep the books and records regarding the financial position and performance(Real Business Rescue, 2017). The potential liabilities a companys directors in the event of a company that becomes insolvent include the best interests of the company. It is the responsibility of a director to govern the company on behalf of its shareholders. There are several duties for a director to possess in common law as well as under the legislation of Australia i.e. the Corporations Act. The main areas of possible personal liabilities of a director include providing security over private assets and to ensure that the company does not trade in insolvency. The main objective of the Director Penalty Regime of ATO is to ensure that the directors ensure that the company follows the taxation and superannuation responsibilities and they take appropriate and prompt action regarding the employee entitlements(Legal Vision, 2016). There are various opportunities for a company taking into consideration, the position of director in the situation, when the company is presumed to be insolvent. The directors of the company in financially troubled situation, who wish to avoid the allegations of wrongful trading, are required to ensure that they possess sufficient and appropriate financial information(The Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2014). They are required to be alert towards danger signs, which include pressure from creditors and they should be able to draw conclusions from the existing circumstances. By holding board meetings to discuss or review the situation, along with considering the interests of the creditors, the directors can take a hold of the situation by not taking new liabilities(helix-law, 2017). If essential the advice of specialists and professional advice should be considered and followed carefully. They should stop trading process and should start appropriate insolvency proceedings. There is a huge difference between the voluntary and involuntary interventions by different parties associated with the potential insolvency of the company. The officers and directors of a company possess fiduciary duties towards creditors in a case of corporation heading towards insolvency. Their duty arises in a case of unsupervised auction to liquidate the corporate assets, in a case of duty towards file bankruptcy, reorganization versus liquidation, federal withholding taxes, state sales and withholding taxes. Other liabilities occur in a case of illegal distribution towards shareholders and regarding wages of the employees. Asset purchasers also possess the liability because they possess title to the assets; they have corporate, judicial or other appropriate authority to convey the assets under consideration, as well as they can provide protection against liens impeding the assets. In addition to it, the concern towards asset sales consist of potentially significant executor con tracts as well. In this manner, all the stakeholders are associated with the insolvency of the company in varying manner(Barreca Ranade, 2008). The quarterly insolvency statistics of ASIC for the last quarter of the financial year 2016-17 exhibits an increase by 28% in the companies that are associating with External Administration (EXAD)(ASIC, 2017). The companies can voluntarily wind up its business in a case they are unable to carry on or if it becomes unable for the company to fulfill the financial obligations. Before being wound up by the creditors, there are various options in front of the company to be followed in order to achieve a good opportunity. The process of voluntary winding up can be performed by passing an ordinary resolution, in which, the purpose behind the establishment of the company has completed or the time limit for which the company was formed has expired. It can also be made possible through passing a special resolution(LawTeacher, 2017). It is essential for both the types of resolutions to be passed in the general meeting of the company, and once it is passed, then it is on the discretion of the company to wound up either through voluntary winding up of the members or the creditors. However, in a case of members voluntarily winding up, the Board of Members are required to make a declaration that the exis ting company has no debts. It can be assured by the company that it will repay its debts within three years from the commencement of winding up(Company Liquidator, 2017). There are two topical issues regarding insolvency of Australian companies, which are the decisions of the High Court in the case of Sons of Gwalia and insolvent trading, for the purpose of which, the Federal Government announced its Corporate Insolvency Law Reform package. The amendments made in the Corporations Act that were announced in the Reform package instead of eliminating the rights of the shareholders in such circumstances, emphasized on providing such claims to grade beneath normal unsecured creditors. The basic principle of the existing insolvent trading laws in Australia is that if a director recognizes the corporate body, with whom he is associated with, is insolvent then he has to take a decision to cease the trading with the company. However, the insolvent trading provisions might act as prevention to directors in the situation, where the company might technically be insolvent but, the director feels that they are able to reform to develop the financial position of the company, and to return the company towards solvency, and to carry on productively as a member of the corporate group of people(Worrells, 2010). There are three types of corporate insolvency procedure, which are voluntary administration, liquidation and receivership. The personal insolvency measures that are applicable on individual and not in a company are known as bankruptcy as well as personal insolvency agreements. In this situation, ASIC possess a number of insolvency information sheets to assist an individual if they are affected by the company insolvency and have less knowledge about the involvement of various aspects. In order to track the insolvency trends in Australia, ASIC publishes statistics on monthly basis regarding the number new companies entering the external administration and also the number of insolvency appointments recorded during the period. It can easily be searched by browsing the insolvency and deregistration notices on the notices website published and sponsored by ASIC(ASIC, 2014). In the situation of trading solvent, the duty of the directors of the company is generally owed towards the company for the purpose of advantage of the existing as well as future shareholders. In the process of making profits for the advantages of the company as well the shareholders, sufficient funds are generated for the company to fulfill all the liabilities towards creditors that arises from time to time. However, when the company becomes insolvent, the directors of the company are required to consider the interests of the creditors in order to reduce potential financial loss to them. The breach of such duty can result into personal liability and possible disqualification from the position of director for a specified period of time. It is also to be considered by the directors, whether the liabilities of the company include contingent and prospective liabilities exceeding its assets. The balance sheet test can be taken into consideration to examine if the company be unable to pay its debts and has become insolvent, if the value of its assets is determined to be less than the liabilities over it. The statutory balance sheet is not only used to determine if the company is insolvent or not, because there might be lack of desired information, which include contingent liabilities of the company. In Australia, the law of insolvency regulates the position of companies that are in financial stress and are unable to pay or provide the debts and other liabilities as well as the issues arising due to financial distress. The law is governed by the Corporations Act 2001 and the term of insolvency is generally used considering the companies(Mondaq, 2009). This law search for an equitable balance between the competing interests of the debtors, creditors, as well as on the community basis, in a case, the debtors become unable to meet their financial liabilities. The main aim of the legislative provisions in this context is to provide a fair procedure to handle the issues o f insolvent companies, ensure equal distribution of the assets among the creditors, and in rehabilitating the financially distressed companies, as well as determining the reason behind their failure. All three types of corporate insolvency are taken into consideration by the law of Australia, i.e. voluntary administration, liquidation, and receivership(Slaughter May, 2014). The indications of insolvency of a company are its financial difficulty which includes existing losses, poor cash flow, unpaid creditors outside the usual trading terms and the issues in obtaining finance. The director penalty notice from the Commissioner of Taxation for the unpaid and unreported Pay As You Go (PAYG) maintenance or Superannuation Guarantee Charge (SGC) quantity of the company, there is immediate requirement to search for professional advice(ASIC, 2014). In a case of failure to take correct steps within a period of 21 days, it might lead to the Commissioner taking recovery action against the director personally for an amount comparable to the unpaid tax. Conclusion The legal regulations of Australia allow for particular laws for insolvency in the region. The Corporation Act of Australia deals with the issues related to insolvency. It is the duty and responsibility of a director to handle the situation of the company as well as to function on behalf of the creditors to prevent them from potential financial loss out of the insolvency. It is the liability of the director to reduce the impact as much as he/she can over the creditors and other stakeholders and to stop trading during the period of insolvency. Therefore, it is the director who plays a significant role for the company during the period of insolvency. References ASIC, 2014. Insolvency. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/ [Accessed 18 September 2017]. ASIC, 2014. Insolvency for directors. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/ [Accessed 18 September 2017]. ASIC, 2017. Corporate insolvencies: June quarter 2017. Australian Securities and Investments Commission. ASIC, 2017. Insolvency: A guide for directors. [Online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/insolvency/insolvency-for-directors/insolvency-a-guide-for-directors/ [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Barreca, M. Ranade, A., 2008. Pick Your Poison: Alternatives to Business Bankruptcy. National Association of Attorneys General. Cactus Consulting, 2015. Debt Management Plan. [Online] Available at: https://www.cactusconsulting.com.au/debt-advice-blog/business/insolvent-trading-2/ [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Company Liquidator, 2017. Winding up Primer. [Online] Available at: https://www.companyliquidator.gov.in/winding_up_3.html [Accessed 18 September 2017]. European Commission, 2013. Study on Directors Duties and Liability. European Commission. helix-law, 2017. When Directors can be Personally Liable on Company Insolvency. [Online] Available at: https://www.helix-law.co.uk/blog/22-director-s-liability-on-company-insolvency [Accessed 18 September 2017]. LawTeacher, 2017. The Most Efficient Way To Treat Insolvent Companies. [Online] Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/business-law/most-efficient-way-to-treat-insolvent-companies-is-by-liquidating-them-company-law-essay.php [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Legal Vision, 2016. Directors and Shareholder Liabilities During Insolvency: What You Need to Know. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-and-shareholders-liabilities-during-insolvency/ [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Mondaq, 2009. Australia: An Introduction To Insolvency Law - Part One. [Online] Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/79816/Insolvency+Bankruptcy/An+Introduction+To+Insolvency+Law+Part+One [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Real Business Rescue, 2017. The Complete Guide for Company Directors on Business Rescue and Closure. [Online] Available at: https://www.realbusinessrescue.co.uk/articles/directors-advice/the-complete-guide-for-company-directors-on-business-rescue-and-closure [Accessed 18 September 2017]. Slaughter May, 2014. Duties of the directors of companies in financial difficulties. The Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2014. The Honestand Reasonable Director Defence. The Australian Institute of Company Directors. Worrells, 2010. Insolvency Law Reform Insolvent Trading. [Online] Available at: https://worrells.net.au/newsletter-articles/insolvency-law-reform-insolvent-trading/ [Accessed 18 September 2017].

The Hallmarks of a Good Undergraduate Essay The Art of Writing THE ART OF WRITING

The art of writing well often seems a very mysterious skill. It is hard to answer why a particular combination of words may stir the audience’s emotions to the point when the readers believe the author completely, while a different arrangement of the same words only raises a few eyebrows.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Hallmarks of a Good Undergraduate Essay: The Art of Writing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowing what makes a good writing and especially a good undergraduate essay is crucial for not only getting a good mark, but also for succeeding in future by developing the skill of being convincing, as well as being capable of getting their message across: â€Å"writing is concrete and unambiguous† (Dr Sullivan’s undergraduate essay guide n. d., p. 2). Although there are a number of factors that may affect the quality of an undergraduate essay and make it sound very impressive eve n if it does have a few flaws, unless the basic elements are included in an undergraduate essay, its author is doomed to failing. According to the existing standards, to create a well put together work, it is crucial to bear such elements as conceptualization, methodology and the facts regarding the actual topic in mind. Taking a closer look at them will help define the key elements of an undergraduate essay. The conceptualization is, perhaps, the first and the most significant stage of creating an undergraduate essay and, therefore, the key hallmark to be mentioned. Much like the process of brainstorming, the idea of conceptualization is related to linking key facts and ideas together in order to navigate within the research field relatively freely. For instance, in an undergraduate essay devoted to the problem of influential people and the way in which these people have affected the author’s life, it will be reasonable to comment on the key aspects of a person’s life , i.e., the personal, social and academic one. As soon as the author of the essay to be has a kind of a mind map created from the paper, it will be easier to tie in a number of ideas that might have seemed not quite compatible at first.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though seemingly the least exciting element of an undergraduate essay, methodology makes a huge chunk of the paper. While the body of the paper shows a step-by-step process and the conclusion displays what has been achieved and learned in the course of the research, the methodology section shows how it was achieved. Therefore, methodology is definitely a hallmark of a well written graduate essay.  In addition, the research of the topic should be mentioned among the key hallmarks of an undergraduate essay. It is remarkable that an undergraduate essay combines such demands as the necessity to follow the guidelines strict ly and yet encourages that the author of the essay should be original and inventive in their method of representing the material. As Mounsey put it, coherence of the argument is â€Å"the most important part of the essay† (Mounsey 2013, p. 104). The style is another important hallmark that clearly should be born in mind when creating an undergraduate essay. It is highly inappropriate for a student of an undergraduate level to joggle styles without actually knowing how each of these styles affects the writing. Saying that styles cannot be mixed in an undergraduate essay is quite a stretch – to make the paper leave an impression, it will be required to resort to stylistic changes and highlight certain elements of the paper. Still, it is imperative that a student should know what each of these styles contributes to the paper. The last, but definitely not the least, the references and their arrangement in the essay should be touched upon: â€Å"you will need [†¦] to correctly reference your assignment† (Guide to assignment writing and referencing 2013, p. 11). As a rule, it is generally appreciated that the facts stated in the essay, and an undergraduate one at that, should be supported by a vast amount of evidence. However, cluttering an essay with a ton of references to other people’s works brings the accomplishments of the essay author down a few notches.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Hallmarks of a Good Undergraduate Essay: The Art of Writing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At some point, it is important to make one’s own conclusion and even question the validity of an authoritative opinion; when providing articulate and reasonable justifications for one’s viewpoint, one is likely to land the essay on a very high note: â€Å"The clarity and progression of the argument being made should be of high quality† (WIF undergraduate essay guidelines n. d., para. 4). If at least a single element is missing from an undergraduate essay, it is unlikely to become a success. The given rule is especially important to keep in mind for those who prefer to be creative in writing their assignment; indeed, it is rather upsetting to see a number of promising and inspiring ideas to be wasted for nothing. While the content is the essence of an undergraduate essay, the arrangement of this content, as well as the tone and the mood of the essay, also plays a major part in the way that the target audience perceives it. Once an undergraduate essay is written with all its key elements aligned in a proper manner and the major messages conveyed in a clear, concise and neat manner, the originality of the essay ideas will shine through, making the key messages more palatable and the paper more cohesive. Reference List Dr Sullivan’s undergraduate essay guide n. d. Web. Guide to assignment writing and referencing 2013. Web. Mounsey C 2 013, How to write: successful essays, dissertations, and exams. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More WIF undergraduate essay guidelines n. d. Web. This essay on The Hallmarks of a Good Undergraduate Essay: The Art of Writing was written and submitted by user Adonis Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relatioships in Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example

Relatioships in Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example Relatioships in Hills Like White Elephants Essay Relatioships in Hills Like White Elephants Essay All relationships have conflicts, and some are even doomed. In Hemmingway’s, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† we catch a glimpse of a couple that are facing a precipice, because of an important decision that is looming. Throughout the short story the author uses a variety symbolism ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­. The constant motion of a train, a persistent reference to a white elephant, and even a barren landscape to represent the conflict and divergence of opinions, which will eventually lead to the end of their relationship. The limited time and space the story is set in serves as a symbol for the relationship. It is set at a train station, and the time at the station is very constrained. Hemingway shows a sense of time by beginning the story, stating that the two protagonists have limited time in the station: â€Å"the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes. It stopped at this junction for two minutes and went on to Madrid,† (Hemingway, 196). This framework gives you a sense that the piece is confined to fleeting moments; minutes to be precise. Overall the setting also serves as a perfect representation for this doomed relationship, because of the nature of trains. Trains are capable of moving along in only on direction, they move along only stopping momentarily for brief moments, are confined to tight time schedules. Their relationship is also like this. They are forced by time to make a decision, and like the trains, time is constantly moving forward. So, despite the characters obj ections or desires for, â€Å"it [to] be finejust like before,† (Hemingway, 197). That moment has passed and like the trains is arriving at a new destination. So, too has their relationship. The characters attempt to avoid the confrontation of this reality by ignoring it. Stating, â€Å"but I can’t just think about it. You know how I get when I worry,† (Hemingway, 198), or avoiding the subject completely by saying, â€Å"please, please, please,

Urbanization in Tokyo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urbanization in Tokyo - Essay Example massive urbanization in Tokyo has had several negative consequences and challenges. It was impossible to avoid those irrevocable pitfalls, taking into account the accelerated pace of people’s migration. It is extremely difficult to govern such a huge city and satisfy the demands of millions of citizens. However, Tokyo Metropolitan Government has made a great job meeting the city’s requirements and designed complicated strategies to satisfy the needs of this megacity. Apart from shortage of resource supply and waste problems, the most serious and threatening negative outcome of urbanization is air pollution. Tokyo’s ecological situation is far from satisfactory and is getting worse. Most wonders of civilization, which alleviate people’s life, such as air conditioning, personal vehicles and industrial objects, aggravate Tokyo’s ecology in global sense. TMG has implemented two solutions to address this issue. The first one concerned diesel fuel and die sel vehicles. Some of them were completely abolished, and some were reorganized to use gasoline. All these steps were taken to reduce sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere and improve the quality of air. The second solution concerned global warming and greenhouse effect. To solve this ecological problem, TMG encouraged greening rooftops and walls of high buildings, using energy saving devices and fostered commercial facilities to reduce their greenhouse gas emission. Both of these two solutions can be evaluated as effective and wise steps towards sustainability of ecology in Tokyo. It is important to think about health of present citizens and that of future generations. Our duty is to ensure stability, confidence and prosperity for our descendants and not to doom them to live in a nasty and dirty world.

Theory of Motivation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theory of Motivation - Term Paper Example This paper is an attempt to understand theory of motivations. The evolution of the various theories of motivation is addressed. A specific theory is chosen and explained in detail along with explaining how a manager could use the theory in the workplace to improve the performance. Overview of Theory of Motivation Theories of motivation have evolved over the years initially only focusing on physiological needs (scientific management school of thought) to the most recent ones which focus on cognitive needs (human relations and neo human relations approach). The evolution of the theories of motivation can be best understood by analysing the thought process behind the individual theories of motivation. Scientific Management School of Thought The main idea or thought process behind the very first theories of motivation was that humans are â€Å"rational beings† motivated by physiological needs (mainly by materialistic gains). Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory is one of the m ajor theories from this school of thought and like many other theories of its time, Taylor’s theory also assumed that employees work to satisfy economic needs, and hence money is the only motivator. This theory did not focus on emotional needs but only limited employee motivation to pay. Human Relations School of Thought Next step in the evolution of theories of motivation was the shift in focus to social needs. ... that fulfilled social needs, than money. Neo Human Relations School of Thought The neo-human relations school of thought was introduced by Abraham Maslow along with Frederick Herzberg wherein the focus now shifted to the employee’s psychological needs. Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory proposed that employees are motivated to fulfil specific needs and these needs can be hierarchically classified into 5 groups: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego and esteem needs, and self-actualization. He argued that the needs must be satisfied as per the hierarchical order. An employee will move to higher order needs only after fulfilling the lower order need. Herzberg, on the other hand, proposed a two factor theory that said that there were factors which presence would motivate the employees, and factors which absence would de-motivate the employees. This theory will be discussed in detail in the next section. Herzberg's Two Factor Theory Herzberg in his two factor t heory argued that there were two certain sets of factors that would affect the employee’s performance. He called one as the motivators which would have a direct positive impact on motivation and would result in hard work from the employees. The second one were the hygiene factors which presence would not have any impact on motivation but their absence would de-motivate the employees and result in poor performance. Some of the motivators that Herzberg listed were advancement, responsibility, recognition, achievement and work. Some of the hygiene factors that Herzberg mentioned are salary, working conditions, company policies, relationship with co-workers, etc. According to this theory, motivated and de-motivated are entirely two different concepts and not the

International Policy statement-development (Canada) Essay

International Policy statement-development (Canada) - Essay Example veloping countries, Canadian organizations, institutions and business, as well as international organization and agencies (Canadian International Development Agency [CIDA], 2005). One of the most significant tasks of the CIDA is the crafting of Canada’s international policy statement which serves as the platform of the country’s international development efforts. This year, the agency releases its International Policy Statement which was designed to promote its thrusts suited to the current world situation. CIDA’s policies are geared in promoting international development. This year’s international policy statement is focused on Canada’s foreign policy as â€Å"the world is changing, quickly, radically, and these changes matter to Canada—not in abstract terms, and not only to students of international relations but tangibly to everyone (Canada’s International Policy Statement [CIPS], 2005).† The country has recognized that its security, prosperity and quality of living are greatly influenced by drastic global transformations. As the world is more and more becoming a â€Å"global village,† Canada is affected by all global occurrences from international terrorism, virulent disease, climate changes and disappearing fish stocks (CIPS, 2005). By incorporating these considerations in its international policy statement, Canada gears itself in embracing the challenges posted by the fast paced 21st century. CIDA’s policies are categorized to represent three important goals—revitalize friendship with North America, making a change in the global arena, and changing the way it works. These three categories have overlapping objectives which tackles Canada’s relationship with North America, defense and international security, trade and commerce, international assistance, the new multilateralism, and making a difference (CIPS, 2005). Revitalizing friendship with North America includes a collaborative effort between the two nations to protect the North

The Function Organization And Structure Of The International Court Of Justice Law Essay

The Function Organization And Structure Of The International Court Of Justice Law Essay Introduction In this essay the author wants to explain the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Important in that context is the history and former organizations, which were the pathfinder of the contemporary institution. It should be explained how the ICJ is working and who is working. The duties, functions and the international importance of the Court, plus the reasons why world politics need that kind of international Court. Further will be explained the most important Conventions, rules and Conferences, which build up the ICJ in its present- day. There are some important research questions, which are the main issues of the essay: What is the importance or the meaning of International Court of Justice? Most of the time the organization is mentioned as an institution with judicial arbitration in case of national disputes. It is standing over all states and has a very strong arbitration. The states are not able to appeal against the ICJs decisions or convictions, what caused the second research question: How the International Court of Justice does achieve these convictions? Who is the judge or who are the judges of the International Court of Justice? This is the question of the formation of the Court. Questions b) and c) have their focus on the inner- organizations of the Court and the author wants to find out, why the Court acts in certain cases in disputes and what are their concerns and requests to mediate a dispute. Hopefully all the questions will be answered in the end of the essay, in the conclusion there will be a comprehensive review of the topic and the important research questions. There is enough literature to use and with some examples of cases between national states, the process and interfering of the International Court of Justice, it should be well explained. History All began with the Jay Treaty of 1794, also called the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, between the United States of America and Great Britain. It was made out of three mixed commissions with American and British nationals and they had to work as tribunals.  [1]   The second more important phase was marked by the Alabama Claims arbitration in 1872 again between the United States and Great Britain. In the Treaty of Washington the same parties arranged a sort of neutrality and fixed some important conditions for arbitration. They tried to avoid with the treaties conflicts between the states and they created a proposal of a permanent international arbitral tribunal.  [2]   The third phase was marked by The Hague Peace Conference in 1899 which got initiated by the Russians (Czar Nicholas II). The phase was part of modern international arbitration. The main concern of the conference was discussing peace and disarmament. It got finished with the Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (between Asian, American and Europe countries). Out of the Convention the Permanent Court of Arbitration got formed. A panel of jurists (from each country) administered the Permanent Court and also a leading office, located at The Hague, got set up. The Court got institutionalized and was generally accepted. The official establishment was in 1900 and the operating began in 1902.  [3]   In 1907 the second Hague Peace Conference started and also States of Central and South America participated. At this conference some participants (United States, Germany and Great Britain) tried to form a Permanent Court of Justice, but not all participants agreed with that. The problem was how and who had to choose the judges.  [4]   The Conference confined itself to recommending that States should adopt a draft convention for the creation of a court of arbitral justice as soon as agreement was reached respecting the selection of the judges and the constitution of the court. Although this court was never in fact to see the light of day, the draft convention that was to have given birth to it enshrined certain fundamental ideas that some years later were to serve as a source of inspiration for the drafting of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice  (PCIJ).  [5]   The Permanent Court worked with cases like the territorial and marine dispute and delimitation between Eritrea and Yemen in 1898 and 1899 and in case which concerned Great Britain and Ireland and caused the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North- East Atlantic in 1992 (OSPAR).  [6]   The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) Article  14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations gave the Council of the League responsibility for formulating plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), such a court to be competent not only to hear and determine any dispute of an international character submitted to it by the parties to the dispute, but also to give an advisory opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.  [7]   In 1920 the Council engaged an Advisory Committee of Jurists to present a report if the establishment of the PCIJ, they sat in The Hague under Baron Decamps (Belgium). After the report, the First Assembly of the League of Nations opened in Geneva in the end of 1920. In this case the legal frame of the PCIJ got fixed and realized. Every member country had a vote in case of decisions and elections. The first elections took place in September 1921. After the first Assembly, more of them took place in 1921, 1929 and finally in 1936 the Statute and legal frame of the PCIJ became effective and operative.  [8]   The PCIJ had after the long road of formation and development some differences to the former Court of Arbitration. First it got a permanently governed body and had an own Statute and Rules of Procedure. Second it had a permanent Registry which stayed always in touch with governments and international organizations. Third the proceeding was public and got documented for evidence. It also had a permanent tribunal; what offered a constant practice with international law and bodies. It also influenced the development in that case. Further all member states had to accept the principles and rules of the PCIJ. The PCIJ had also advisory function in case if the League of Nations Council or Assembly and a member state of the PCIJ were not normally a member state of the League of Nations. Last, it got more and more representive in the international context.  [9]   The International Court of Justice (ICJ) Case of the Second World War the PCIJ had less space for activities. The last conference was in December 1939, after that the PCIJ advanced backward and did not act in cases of disputes between countries. In 1942 the United States and Great Britain tried to establish a new international Court and the Inter- American Juridical Committee started to construct a new way of the PCIJ. In connection with this development, some informal Committees got held and published in February 1944 a report, which contained that the Statute has to be an international law and had to be based on the Permanent Court of International Justice. It should have advisory character and acceptance in jurisdiction.  [10]   Meanwhile, on 30  October  1943, following a conference between China, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States, a joint declaration was issued recognizing the necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States, and open to membership by all such States, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security.  [11]   The result of the meeting (October 1944) was a proposal for the International Court of Justice and represented in the beginning at one of the first meetings in Washington 1945, 44 states with a Committee of lawyers. The preparations of the Statute of the ICJ happened at the San Francisco Conference in 1945 with 50 participants and were based on the Statute of the PCIJ. That conference was one of the most important in the history of the ICJ.  [12]   The Conference decided against compulsory jurisdiction and in favour of the creation of an entirely new court, which would be a principal organ of the United Nations, on the same footing as the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat, and with the Statute annexed to and forming part of the Charter.  [13]   The Court was the judicial part of the United Nations and was linked to the League of Nations. All member states of the United Nations are member states of the ICJ. In the beginning of the ICJ the European countries dominated national, political and judicial affairs and case, that was the reason why the ICJ and the United Nation added some countries as members and they increased from 51 (1945) to 192 (2006).  [14]   Functions and structure The official formation date is the 26. June 1945. The official seat is like the former organization in The Hague. The ICJ consists out of fifteen judges, who have to be from the member states of the United Nations. These are independent and have a diplomat status. They get voted from the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations. The main duties of the ICJ are to communicate between two or more disputing parties, but they have to be states, because the ICJ is not working with cases of individuals or organizations. Decisions are based on international law.  [15]   Current Judges ad hoc The following judges ad hoc have been chosen in the cases currently pending before the Court: Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) Guinea: Mr. Ahmed Mahiou Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Joe Verhoeven Uganda: Mr. James L. Kateka Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) Croatia: Mr. Budislav Vukas Serbia: Mr. Milenko KreĆ¡a Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) Nicaragua: Mr. Giorgio Gaja Colombia: Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) Republic of the Congo: Mr. Jean-Yves de Cara France: Mr. Gilbert Guillaume Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) Peru: Mr. Gilbert Guillaume Chile: Mr. Francisco Orrego Vicuà ±a Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador  v. Colombia) Ecuador : Mr. Raà ºl Emilio Vinuesa Colombie : Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot Case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) Georgia: Mr. Giorgio Gaja Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) Greece: Mr. Emmanuel Roucounas The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Mr. Budislav Vukas Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy) Italy: Mr. Giorgio Gaja Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) Belgium: Philippe  Kirsch Senegal: Serge Sur Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) Costa Rica : Mr. John Dugard Nicaragua : Mr. Gilbert Guillaume  [16]   The ICJ is the only institution of the United Nations which has its head quarter not in the main quarter in New York, like mentioned is it in The Hague, Netherlands. In the graphic presentation below is explained how the ICJ works. The General Assembly and the Security Council vote the judges all three years for nine years. These judges represent different cultures, communities and legal frameworks. They are responsible for right decisions between state litigations and preconditions for the states who deposit their requests at the ICJ. Important is that they subordinate themselves under the jurisdiction of the ICJ. They are also responsible for the legal options in case and questions of the international law for the United Nations.  [17]   The authorities of the ICJ are provided in the fourteenth chapter of the UN- Charta, decided in 1945 in San Francisco. One the one hand the ICJ has his one statute and one the other it is based on the UN- Charta. That means that a member of the ICJ is also a member of the United Nations. The ICJ in connection with international law The ICJ has to base its decisions on the international law, mentioned above. Because of the international law, the ICJ is a legal person which is allowed to make his own decisions on a juristically structure on which it is based. In Act 38 Paragraph 1 it is mentioned that the Court has a statute based on international law, but it can also decided with the acceptance of the parties which are the main characters in a dispute.  [18]   The UN- Charta and the ICJ The chapter XIV of the UN- Charta says in Act 92 that the ICJ is the main adjustication of the United Nations and has a permanent statute and its duties, responsibilities and arrangements are based on the Charta and the statute. The first point of Act 93 means that all members of the United Nations are members of the Court. Second, a state who is not a member of the United Nations can get a member of the Court, but under different circumstances. There has to be held a conference at the General Assembly of the United Nations and the state has to have a reference of the United Nations Security Council. The first part of Act 94 says that every member of the United Nations is committed, in case of disputes to follow the interventions of the ICJ. If one of the parties of the dispute does not follow the rules of the ICJ, the other party is allowed to bring their case to the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council is the last institution who can finish the dispute and is able to make harder arrangements for the dispute parties. In Act 95 is written that the states can also ask other Courts to interfere in the dispute. The last Act, Act 96, says that United Nations Security Council can make requests for information of dispute cases and other institutions of the United Nations can with the allowance of the General Assembly ask for information of cases.  [19]   These conditions of work and service did not help very much at peace- keeping and with international security, which is one of the main duties and responsibilities. The former idea of the ICJ was to interfere between disputes and the result should be no war and military access, but this was and is impossible, because many states do not want to make compromises.  [20]   In official demonstrations, the ICJ most of the time interpreted and based their judgments and actions in international contexts on the UN-Charta. Every time they fell a judgment, they add, that they worked with the conventions of the Charta and the international law. The reason why they are so careful with their information is because of the international context and the cases with which they are working and the worrying about making problems between countries worse.  [21]   Types of Proceeding There are existing two different types of proceeding. First is the disputable proceeding based on Act 92 of the UN- Charta and second is the procedure of advisory opinion or expert assessment based on Act 96 of the UN- Charta and the IJC- Statue.  [22]   Disputable Procedure The disputable procedure should be a procedure which is based on peaceful resolutions for all contributing parties, in case of ICJ. The countries which are acting like parties, when they have a litigation at ICJ they have to be members, to be able to ask for help at the ICJ. If they are no members of the ICJ or the United Nations, they have to get a recommendation of the Security Council and afterwards the General Assembly is deciding if they are allowed to access the process and if they get a party for that time of the United Nations and the Court. If not, they cannot work with the ICJ together. International organizations are not allowed to get parties of the ICJ. These decisions were made on the Conference of San Francisco. The only way they can participate, is the way of listening.  [23]   Also important for the ICJ is the responsibility of an international tribunal. The Court can only work with a dispute between countries, when all parties agree to the litigation at the ICJ. This is based on a general principle of international law. At the Conference of San Francisco in 1945 it got discussed to base the Court on an obligatory jurisdiction, but in the end the Court got the statute of the traditional system with the former sovereignty principle. The countries have the possibilities to form an agreement, before the case comes official to the Court, who shows the responsibilities of the ICJ, but both parties have to agree. They can make a sort of compromise to abbreviate the proceeding. The states have also the possibility to arrange agreements for the time after the trial. Such a compromise should control the disputes and the acting. This should work like diplomacy or mediation- to prevent wars and conflicts. These agreements could be for example multi- or bilateral cont racts. Additional the countries can arrange the responsibilities of the ICJ also for the future, like they can work out compromises. This way of acting is called facultative obligatory. These compromises and obligatories can have time- limits or there could be instructions which they have to follow with or without a time- limit. That depends on the case and if there is the necessity from the Court to interfere. If there is a case, where the parties are not able to define the responsibilities of the Court together, then the Court is deciding the circumstances of the trial.  [24]   In the text above is written that the ICJ only interferes if there is a conflict between countries and there is no other possibility to solve the problem or conflict without a Court. The ICJ defines a conflict and its rule: disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal view or if interests between two persons  [25]  That definition defines conflicts, but it does no show if it has to be juristically or non- juristically. The interpretation of the definition could also factor in political and social disputes. If it also includes social problems, then there is duty- problem with the International Criminal Court (ICC). Because of this defining problem the cases has to be totally clear and they have to be cases which do not have effects on political and social positive working structures. If they have such effects, then it would not be any more a case of the ICJ, but of the ICC (International Criminal Court).  [26]   The trial of the dispute has to be separated in two parts, the written and the spoken part (Act 43). Very important in this context is the preliminary objections  [27]  which could be used before the trial and during the trial from the parties against the Court. The law which is used from the ICJ for decisions is the mentioned international law. The international law gets split in three parts: first the under international law contracts, second general legal principles and third customary international law. Facilities for the ICJ can be already given verdicts or scientific consensus. The second mentioned form was in the past mostly used at national courts and in international law. Nowadays the general legal principles are disappearing and are not used very often. Today the ICJ is using the international law contracts and the customary international law most of the time.  [28]   The decisions of the ICJ can be obligation or declaratory judgments. The judgment concerns only the disputing parties and the judgment has to be accepted. There is nothing existing which could change that, but under conceivable explanations the trial can be scheduled. If a stated does not follow the guidelines of the judgment, the Security Council can threat and order penalties.  [29]   The Procedure of Advisory Opinion or Expert Assessment In this procedure the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations can get an advisory opinion from the ICJ. In this context an advisory opinion or assessment means a juristically statement of a case of disputing countries. In the procedure no parties exist and an advisory opinion is in that context essential. The Court has more power over the case and more ways to interfere. This power results out of the advisory opinion, which gets verbalized by the Court for the UN- institutions. A reason why the procedure get used, results out if the not given capacity to sue and be sued of the United Nations. It should be a sort of compensation. The Court is not only checking the advisory opinion, because it has to involve the statements of the requisitioning institution and the statement of the states which are not the main characters of the trial, but they get mentioned. There are some other institutions who are also allowed to ask for an expert assessment, for example the I nternational Labor Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and more. The General Secretary is not allowed to request for an advisory opinion, but different organizations and institutions tried to get the ability to receive that. Up to the present day the ICJ and the people who are responsible for the UN- Charta did not react for this request. The General Secretary has just the possibility to summon the Security Council or the General Assembly to get an advisory opinion. These institutions of the United Nations can request for every question of law, but that is not the common treatment nowadays.  [30]   To get an expert assessment an institution or another different applicant has to have a question of law for the ICJ. Here is again the problem to separate political and juristically questions, but in this case until today the Court did not find a working consensus. The most of the time the Court decides when it gets the request. The questions do not need any form or structure; they just have to show the problem.  [31]   When the advisory opinion includes states, then the ICJ do not need the acceptance of these countries for such a request. The Court can make that and there is no different statement in the UN- Charta which would forbid that. But the ICJ cannot make a trial without the agreement of the states that means when the ICJ would make a verdict because of an advisory opinion, the states do not have to agree. If that would happen the ICJ has to refuse the request of an advisory opinion. The procedure of expert assessment belongs like the disputable procedure to the international law.  [32]   Differences between the ICJ and the Security Council of the United Nations A comparison between the ICJ and the Security Council is important, because they are both main parts of the UN-Charta (Act 7 para. 1). They are on the same level and have the same possibilities, but also their own functions and skills. The main subject of differentiating between the two important institutions is the independence or dependence of the members. A second important point is the difference between the types of procedure, because the ICJ should only work with juristical questions and the Security Council is responsible for political differences. The trials in the ICJ are stricter and more formal. The way to the Court, during and after the Court, has exact guidelines and they have to be accepted from the requesting states. In the Security Council there are more liberties for the involved parties. The states do not have to take care of many responsibilities or formal conventions in comparison to the ICJ. One of the most important differences is the handling with a verdict aft er the trial. If states request at the ICJ they have to accept the verdict and they cannot do anything again. The Security Council gives advice, so the countries do not need to feel compelled it do any action they dislike. The decisions of the Security Council are for the protection of the global peace and the international security.  [33]   Decisions of the ICJ in the past and its handling The activity of the International Court of Justice is not too rich. In its twenty four years of existence, the I.C.J. has received about fifty cases, rendered judgments in twenty one, and has issued thirteen advisory opinions.  [34]   In this topic the handling of the ICJ in different cases with disputes should be described. There will be some examples from the past to explain difficult backgrounds and the view of the ICJ. In its judicial activity, as well as in the advisory one, besides the decisions and the advisory opinions delivered, the Court has recorded, every time a decision was rendered or it issued an advisory opinion, numerous individual or separate opinions. Some of these opinions, real juridical masterpieces, are often of particular significance, due to the fact that they insist on some principles and arguments of international law, dissimilar to those which led to the solution rendered by the Court. These individual and separate opinions are regularly presented in extenso [emphasis added] in Recueil des arrest, avis consultatifs et ordonnances [emphasid added].  [35]   The decisions of the ICJ did not only help to find solutions in the international context. They also are an expression for the structure of the international law, where it comes from and how it gets handled. International justice, international law and international relations are very young from a historical perspective. The ICJ got established around eighty years ago and the former international tribunals maybe existed twenty years longer. This has many reasons; the world how we know it today, did not exist that way in the nineteenth century. The civilizations changed with the medial facilities for example or the First and Second World War, the forces in the international context changed in that case rapidly. The ICJ had started small and big revolutions in law perspectives, because law was not longer a part of one or two countries, law got global and international.  [36]  The author of the essay will take the first three cases as examples for the working processes in the ICJ. The Corfu Channel Case  [37]   The first case of the ICJ handled about the Corfu Channel Case in April 1949. The parties of the trial were the United Kingdom of Great Britain including Northern Ireland and the Republic of Albania.  [38]   The judges: Acting President GUERRERO; President BASDEVANT; Judges ALVAREZ, FABELA, HACKWORTH, WINIARSKI, ZORIĈIĆ , DE VISSCHER, Sir Arnold MCNAIR, KLAESTAD, BADAWI PASHA, K RYLOV, R EAD, HSU MO, AZEVEDO; M. EĈER, Judge ad hoc.  [39]   The case started in October 1946 when British ships drove into the Albanian water territories for mine- sweeping without any allowance of the Albanian government. The Albanians left after the Second World

COBOL :: Essays Papers

COBOL In the summer of 1998, St Louis Public Schools ( SLPS ) chose to convert form it's IBM System/390 mainframe to a client server environment. Not only was the SLPS affected but the Public School Retirement System ( PSRS ) was also affected since they use their mainframe system. PSRS started looking for a solution for their processing requirements. They were debating on weather to obtain an existing package to replace their system If they did would the be able to convert it to support how they run their business, or would they have to change how they conduct business to match the new software. They were also confused as to what new equipment might have to be purchased since they currently were running on older standalone workstations without a server. The organization decided to purchase new workstations, a server, a high-speed networked laser printer and Windows/2000 workstation and server components. Due to the organizations small size they elected to hire two contract software engineers to assist in the conversion, as well as process year end systems. The company also had to select a programming language, they decided on COBOL, the SLPS had a free copy of Micro Focus Net Express COBOL called the University Edition. It is available for schools to utilize in a classroom situation. The software was reviewed, it was decided that it would be adequate for their needs. It had features necessary to satisfy the requirements. Net Express is a Windows based product that is extremely powerful. That mainframe COBOL code formed the basis of the conversion, The conversion consisted mostly of modifying select statements, CICS code, some program calls to mainframe support routines, 'compare' statements also had to be checked for sequence problems ensuring that a mainframe 'if' statements of 'equal to' or 'greater than' were still valid for an ASCII based environment. The company found Downloading software and data files from the mainframe relatively easy, they used a mainframe access program called â€Å"Extra!† Packed fields were unpacked on the mainframe, downloaded to the server, and repacked if necessary. After the conversion took place the next task was to conduct year-end processing. This involved many tasks for the organizations, including; closing out of last year's business, income tax, providing information to our retirees, allowing for Open Enrollment for various insurance plans, and providing data to our actuarial firm to assist in funding and benefit decisions.

The Moon and Sixpence Summary

THE MOON AND SIXPENCE Topic: The theme revealed in the novel â€Å"The  moon and sixpence† Outline: I. Summary about  writer  and the  novel â€Å"  The moon and  sixpence† II. Two  themes  revealed  in  the  novel  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The  moon  and  sixpence† 1. The revolt of an individual against the well- established conventions of  Ã‚  bourgeois society 2. No rooms  for trivial and  ordinary  pleasures of  life  in  Great Art III. Conclusion Summary about the writer and the novel â€Å"  The moon and sixpence† 1. William  Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) W. S.Maugham is famous English writer, well-known as a novelist, playwright and shortstory writer. In his writings he kept to the principles of Realism, but his method of writing was also influenced by Naturalism, Neo-romanticism and Modernism. W. S. Maugham was born in Paris where his father worked as solicitor for the English Embassy. At the age of 10, Maugham was orpha ned and sent to England to live with his uncle, thevicar of Whitstable. Before becoming a writer he was educated at King's School, Canterbury, and Heidelberg University, Maugham then studied six years medicine in  London.William worked in a hospital of Saint Thomas, which placed in a poor block of London the experience  found its  reflection in  the 1st novel. During World War, Maugham volunteered for the Red Cross, and was stationed in France for a period. There he met Gerald Haxton (1892-1944), an American, who became his companion. Disguising himself as a reporter, Maugham served as an espionage agent for British Secret Intelligence Service in Russia in 1916-17, but his stuttering and  poor health hindered his career in this field. In 1917 he married Syrie Barnardo, an interior  decorator; they were ivorced in 1927-8. On his  return from Russia, he spent a  year in a sanatoriumin Scotland. Maugham then set off with Haxton on a series of travels to eastern Asia, th e Pacific Islands, and Mexico. In many novels the surroundings also are international. Maugham's most famous story such as â€Å"Ashenden: or the British agent ’’Maugham died in Nice, a small French town from pneumonia on December 16, 1965. During the war, Maugham's best-known novel, Of Human Bondage(1915) was published. This wasfollowed by another successful book,The Moon and Sixpence(1919).Maugham also developed areputation as a fine short-story writer, one story,Rain, which appeared in The Trembling of a  Leaf  (1921), was also turned into a successful feature film. Popular plays written by Maugham include The Circle(1921),East of Sue(1922), The Constant Wife1926) and the anti-war play,For Services Rendered   (1932). In his later years  Maugham wrote his autobiography,Summing Up (1938) and works of fiction  such as The Razor's Edge (1945),Catalina (1948) and Quartet   (1949). After the 1930s Maugham's reputation abroad was greater than in England.Maugha m once said,†Most people cannot see anything, but I can se what is in front of my nose with extreme clearness;the greatest writers can see through a brick wall. My vision is not so penetrating. † His literaryexperiences Maugham collected in The Summing Up, which has been used as a guidebook for  creative writing. William Somerset Maugham died in 1965 in a small French town from  pneumonia. â€Å"I have never pretended to be anything but a story teller. It has amused me to tell stories and I  have told a great many.It is a misfortune for me that the telling of a story just for the sake of the  story is not an activity that is in favor with theintelligentsia. In  endeavor  to  bear  my  misfortunes  with  fortitude. † (from  Creatures  of  Circumstance, 1947) The novel â€Å"The  moon and sixpence† Charles Strickland, a good, dull, holiest,  plain man who is  a conventional stockbroker. He is  probably a worthy member of so ciety, a good husband and father, an honest broker, but he abandoned his wife and two nice looking and healthy children, a boy and a girl. A supposition is putforth: Charles walks out upon his wife to  run after some woman.A friend of Strickland is sent to Paris to find out who the woman is and if possible to  persuade him to come back to his wife. After a long talk with Strickland, the man understands that the real reason that inspires him to run away is not woman. He decided to be a painter. Living in Paris,  Strickland  comes into  contact with  a  Dutch  painter, Dirk  Strove . Strove  is presented  as an antipode to Strickland. Strove is a kind hearted man but a bad painter. He is the first to discover the real talent of Strickland. When Strickland falls seriously ill, it is Strove who comes to help.Strove  persuades his wife to let him bring the  artist home to look after him. To  his surprise, his wife falls inlove with Strickland who she holds in disgust. Later his wife, a housemaid rescued by Strove, kills herself by drinking acid after Strickland leaves her. What Strickland wants from Blanche is not sexual relation but the nude picture of her beautiful figure. Leaving France for Tahiti, Strickland is in search of a world of his own. In Tahiti, he marries a native girl Ata and he  has about three years of happiness. He has two children. Strickland contracts leprosy and later becomes blind.He wants to leave the family but Ata doesn’t let him do it. His eyesight gets worse but he continues painting. Ata couldn’t go to the town and buy canvases; he uses the walls of his house. Strickland gets rid of some strong irresistible obsession imprisoning his soul with the help of those paintings. He has achieved what he longs for  on this land. He has painted his masterpiece. Knowing that he is going to die, he makes his wife  promise to burn down his masterpiece after his death in fear that it will be contaminated by the commercial world of money.Two themes  revealed in the  novel â€Å"The moon and sixpence† 1. The revolt of an  individual against the well- established conventions of bourgeois society In many of his stories, Maugham reveals to us the unhappy life and the revolt against the set social order. The  Moon and Sixpence was  written  in this  line. It  is a  story of the  conflict between the artist and the conventional society based on the life of a painter. The revolt of an individual against the well-established conventions of bourgeois society was shown in the following two aspects: 1. 1. Money worship societyThe bourgeois society with its vices such as: snobbishness money worship, pretense, self-interest†¦made their profit of the frailties of mankind. To them, money was a useful tool to dominate both economics and politics. Money also helped the bourgeois maintain their regal life and it connected the members in family, on the other hand, husban d had obligated to support his wife and children for whole his life. Therefore, the last generations of the bourgeois forced the young generation to continue their domination. It was mentioned in the conversation betweenStrickland and his friend. I rather wanted to be a  painter when I was a boy, but  my father made me go into  business because he said there was no money in art†. In this society, art was non-profitable. Therefore, it must be looked down upon. In their  Ã‚  point of view, art was nothing more than just a job to earn money. They did not see the beautiful things that art brings. When Strickland decided to follow in his father's footsteps, his dream and aspiration were hidden on the bottom of his heart. After working hard for ages, he became a  prosperous stockbroker. He is probably a worthy member of society.However, there is in streets of the poor  quarters a thronging vitality which excites the blood and prepares the soul for  the unexpected. It w as actually happened in Paris, because Strickland gave up the luxury life and got acquainted with hard life just only wanted to fulfill a long-cherished dream. He had to give up his dream to follow his father’s wishes. â€Å"I want to paint. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ve got to paint. † The brief answer expressed his willingness to get out of ideology ties which were imposed  by his father. And his hand and mind would express his big dream by painting masterpieces. I couldn’t get what I wanted in  London. Perhaps I can here. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"I tell you I’ve got to paint. † The author said that â€Å"I seemed to feel in him some vehement power that was struggling  within him, it  gave me the sensation of  something very strong, overmastering, that held  him† And Strickland cannot have a comfortable life any more. â€Å"I haven’t any money. I’ve got  about a  hundred pounds. † We could probably see it  through St rickland’s appearance when he came to Paris. â€Å"Sitting there in his old Norfolk jacket and his unnourished bowler, his trousers were baggy, ishands were not clean; and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the little eyes, and  the large, aggressive nose, was  uncouth and coarse. † 1. 2 Family and social responsibilities Painting is not only a ‘dreamy moon’ of Strickland but also of many progressive people in  bourgeois society. According to bourgeois concepts, all the men have to be responsible for hisfamily and children. He’s forced to have a strong connection with what is considered to belong tohim. Strickland’s life is tied tightly down to family’s contract. However, all that sort of thingsmeans nothing at all to  him.He doesn’t let those reasons impact on  his way chasing his passion any longer. It can be obviously proved through the conversation between two men, Strickland and the author, in ch apter II of the  novel. ‘Hang it all, one can’t leave a  woman without a bob. ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhy not? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœHow is she going to live? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœI’ve supported her for seventeen years. Why shouldn’t she support herself for  a change? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœLet her try. ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœDon’t you care for  her anymore? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNot a bit’   When Strickland talks about his children, his attitude is revealed to be heartlessly scornful. ‘They’ve had a good many years of comfort. It’s much more than the majority of children have. Dirk Stroeve was one of those unlucky persons whose most sincere emotions are ridiculous. † On the nature of art â€Å"Why should you think that beauty, which is the most precious thing in the world, lies like a stone on the beach for the careless passer-by to pick up idly? Beauty is something wonderful and strange that the artist fashions out of the ch aos of the world in the torment of his soul. And when he has made it, it is not given to all to know it. To recognize it you must repeat the adventure of the artist. It is a melody he sings to you, and to hear it again in your own heart you want knowledge and sensitiveness and imagination. Besides, somebody will look after them. When it comes to the point, the Mac Andrews will pay for  their schooling. ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœI like them all right when they were kids, but now they’ve growing up I haven’t got any particular  Ã‚  feeling for them. ’     He totally gives up on his own family, children and thinks  that they could live by themselves without his care. Even if they can’t make arrangement for their life, his relatives might come to help. Strickland also doesn’t mind what  people loathe and despise him. ‘Everyone will think you a  perfect swine. ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœLet them. ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœWon’t it mean anything to you that people loathe and despise you?   Ã¢â‚¬ËœNo’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœYou don’t care if  people think you an utter  black-guard? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNot a damn. ’  Ã‚  He really doesn’t care any longer. ‘You won’t go back to your wife? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNever’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœYou don’t care if she and your children have to beg their bread? ’  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNot a damn. ’     He does everything: abandoned wife and children; left his successful career behind just  because he totally hates that gloomy  society and its old  customs. Only by a short conversation between two men, the author already describes the strongly reactive mind of Strickland, a man who dares to stand up and fight over the old customs of that  boring society and bourgeois.Regarding to Strickland’s point of view, his escape is the only decision; it’s also the solution to release his imprisoning mind. He doesn’t regret or be ash amed of  what he’s done. He accepts the eyes of society because he doesn’t care. Actually, it’s never ever  meant anything to him. The only thing that he really cares is  his mind right now freely to follow anddo everything he ever dreams of in his own ‘dreamy moon’. 2. No rooms for trivial  and ordinary pleasures of life in  Great Art 2. 1  Sacrifice everything to be an artist. At the beginning, the stockbroker Strickland had a stable life with happy family.However,when he started to chase his path as an artist, he had to experience a poor situation. Moreover, he was  willing  to  get  rid  of  everything  to  be  an  artist. Great art  don’t depend  on age  as long  as you have real passion. Even though at the age of fortyâ€Å"the chances are a million to one†, Stricklandstill wants to be a  painter. â€Å"I can learn quicker than I could when I was eighteen†, said he. He wanted to be a painter when he was a boy but his father didn’t allow him. His father  consumed that there was money in art. Therefore, he had to give up his passion for such a long time. However,  his fire for art wasn’t  stamped  out.And this  was  the perfect  time  for him to implement his dream again. On  his way chasing that dream, he had to  sacrifice everything. He  passed by the material and the sensual to fulfill spiritual needs. He got rid of a happy family with acomfortable life to go to Paris  and lived in destitute life there Although he knew that his family needed him and they had to suffer difficulties in life without him, he didn’t intend to change his mind and he accepted to be considered as a selfish man. He understood that his action weren’t highly appreciated; however, he still wanted to pursue art in his own way.Strickland accepted to live in a bad condition, without money, job, food and at last he found a Shelter at a hot el. Afterward, despite the fact that he got a serious disease and became  blinded; he still  tried to  fulfill  his masterpiece  on the  walls of his  house. During the  first daysstaying in Paris, he only found a cheap hotel to live. He appeared with such a miserable, untidy image. â€Å"He sat there in his old Norfolk jacket and his unnourished bowler, his trousers werebaggy, his hands were not clean; and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the littleeyes, and the large, aggressive nose, was uncouth and coarse.His mouth was large; his lips wereheavy and sensual. †He desired to paint. He repeated his speech many times when answering his friend. â€Å"I want to paint. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ve got to paint†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I tell you I  have to paint†. 2. 2. Strickland protects Beauty and Art. Art is very  pure. It can not be  measured by the value of money or sexual relation. Stricklandstruggled to abandon his appetence for art. â₠¬Å"Let me tell you. I imagine that for months the matter never comes into your head, and you’re ableto persuade yourself that you’ve finished with it for good and all.You rejoice in your freedom, and  Ã‚  you feel that at last you can call your soul your own. You seem to walk with your head among the  stars. And then, all of a sudden you can’t stand it any more, and you notice that all the time your  Ã‚  feet have been walking in the mud. And you want to roll yourself in it. And you find some woman,coarse and low and vulgar, some beastly creature in whom all the horror of sex is blatant, and you  fall upon her like a wild  animal. You drink till you’re blind with rage. † He assumed that as an artist he shouldn’t have trivial fun such as desire of  women.For Strickland, woman is like an invisible rope tightening his life. It is very hard to escape from  them. Therefore,  he  tried  to  avoid  it. He  was  willing  to  give  her  up  as  well  as  his unsatisfactory painting. He did everything to be a true artist even though it made him become acruel man. Finally, he achieved what he wanted. He created a masterpiece. It was worth what he’d spent. He devoted all his life to pursue art. As an artist, he didn’t care about fame or wealth. He  painted pictures only to satisfy his love to art. He never sold his pictures to get money.He did not toaccept his masterpiece to be contaminated by the commercial world of money. His dream was very  beautiful III. Conclusion Based on the life of Paul Gauguin, â€Å"The Moon and Sixpence†is W. Somerset Maugham'sode to the powerful forces behind creative genius. Charles Strickland is a staid banker, a man of  wealth and privilege. He is also a man possessed of an unquenchable desire to create art. As Strickland pursues his artistic vision, he leaves London for Paris and Tahiti, and in his quest makes sacrifices that lea ve the lives of those closest to him in  tatters.Through Maugham's sympathetic eye Strickland's tortured and cruel soul becomes a  symbol of the blessing and  the curse of transcendent artistic genius, and the cost in human’s lives it sometimes demands. Topic 2: Impression of  characteristic THE ANALYSIS  OF STRICKLAND CHARACTER 1. Strickland as an ordinary man 1. 1 Strickland is irresponsible inconsiderate toward his wife Strickland used be a good husband to his wife. Actually, he owns a happy family and goodeconomic condition. For many people, Strickland is good businessman and has good status insociety.However, he suddenly abandoned his wife and  went another place. Strickland leaved his wife and children behind without a word. His leaving makes her very miserable and she had asuspicion that he run  away with other women. His wife- Army is a pleasant hospital woman. Strickland can’t find any reasons which belong to Arm to leave her. When Army sends him many letters to persuade him to come back, Strickland doesn’t read any letters from her. It  meansthat he doesn’t concern anything related to his wife. When making conservation with friend sent to persuade him, Strickland expresses a coollyattitude to his wife. I can not describe the extraordinary callousness with which he made this reply†Although Strickland acknowledged his action, he still  does like that. Has she deserved that you should treat her like that? NoThen, isn’t it monstrous to leave her in  this fashion after seventeen years of married life withouta fault to find with her  Monstrous†Abandoning wonderful wife is faulty. However, letting a woman without a bob is more pitiless. He also knows before that his wife and children will have to suffer difficulties in life withouthim. But he still leaves them to  pursue his aim. Hang it all, one can’t leave a woman without a  bobWhy not? Don’t you care for her any more? N ot a bit†Strickland does not try thinking whether a weak woman can live without support from man;especially she has to nurse two children. They don’t know what they should do in order to support their life and what will wait for them in the future. He supposed that he no longer haveany responsibility to his family and all things that he  did before be enough. 1. 2 Strickland is irresponsible selfish father Strickland does not want to take any responsibility to his children. His children are very youngand innocent.They have never done any harm to  Strickland. â€Å"Damn it all. There are your children to think of. They’ve never done you any harm. They didnot ask to be bought in to the world. If you chuck everything like this, they’ll be thrown on thestreet. They have had a good many years of comfort. It’s much more than the majority of childrenhave. Besides, somebody will look after them. When it comes to the point, the Mac Andrewswill pay for t heir schooling†. How can children live without support from their father? He did not care about his children anymore, even though they could be thrown out in the street. Read also:  Moon By Chaim PotokFor many people, rearing children isvery holly duty and happiness. For children, father is the material and spiritual favor. It is very  poor for children when he entrusts them to the care of  Mac Andrews. Especially, Strickland thought that he did not have any special feeling to  his children. For many men, children are always very special and take really important part in their emotional life. Strickland only had special feeling to his children when they were small. When they grow  up, heno longer loves them. It seems that the nature of a father in Strickland has disappeared. He  became an unemotional father. 1. Strickland is ungrateful to his friend Dirk Strove is a very kind- hearted person. Dirk Strove is the person who recognizes the talentof Strickland and helps him everything in bad days. When Strickland falls seriously ill, it isStrove who comes to help. Strove persuades his wife to let him bring the artist home to look  after. St rickland must have gratitude all the things that Strove had done for him. On the other  hand, Strickland has an adulterous affair with his best friend’s wife. Moreover, Strickland justwants to take use of her body for  the nude picture and causes the death of Strove. 2. Strickland  as an  artist . 1 Strickland is a  really passionate painter .He compares his passion to paint is like the desire to breath. He abandoned his wife andchildren to pursuit his dream of painting. He gives up a happy life to go strange place to learn painting. He gets divorced with his wife without any reasons and lets his children alone to devotefor art. â€Å"I have got to paint† is repeated four times in conservation with the friend. It means thatthe desire to paint is full  of in his head all the  time. When family’s friend is sent to persuade Strickland, he used all the tactics and arguments tochange Strickland’s decision.However, Strickland still expresses a con sistent attitude to allarguments. Strickland believes that his wife could take care of herself and also is ready to  provide all necessary background for her to divorce. His children can grow without his support. Strickland reckons that it is the high time for him to realize his dream. For Strickland, painting is the air of life, an interest. The painting is all. He does not concernabout all the worst things people can think about him. â€Å"Everyone will think you are perfect swineLet themWon’t it mean anything to you to  know that people loath and despise you?No†Short answers contain a terrible determination. It seems that the art  is the only meaningful thingto him now. The passion of painting is covering all his body and  will. Behind the dull appearance, Strickland has the true passion to art. Strickland- a man with old  Norfolk jacket, unnourished bowler, his trouser was bagging, his hand were not clean, his facewith red stubble of the  unsaved chin, little eye, the large aggressive nose, his mount large and hislip were heavy and sensual. On the surface, he was not born for art. The rude and sensualappearance is completely contrary to deep passion on art and artist soul.The narrator feels  powerful desire to paint in his voice and vehement power. There is strong struggle between willand passion inside this man. Strickland decides to leave all his family and material values, loveand lust behind to scarify for art. Strickland accepts a poor life to devote for art and passion. From a prosperous stockbroker,Strickland became a poor man for only reason of being a painter. He  can live in cheap hotel withabout hundred pounds to learn painting. When coming Tahiti, Strickland marries with a nativegirl and lives in forest far away from town. They live in misery. When there was no food to behad, he seemed capable†. It seems that he â€Å"lived a life wholly of the spirit† . All the materialvalues do not have any meaning t o him. He wants to spend the rest of the life painting. He couldsuffer the poorest conditions to draw. Strickland decides to paint at the age of 40. â€Å"Do you think it is likely that a man will do any good when he starts at your age? Most people  begin painting when they were eighteen. I can learn quicker than I could when I  was eighteen†. The age is one of the most important barriers for Strickland to overcome. People mainly paintwhen they were eighteen.In spite of acknowledging this, Strickland still decides to paint by allmeans. In fact, there is no limitation of age in art. However, Strickland must have had the trulystrong desire to art because it is very difficult and unusual for people to start learning painting atthis age. Strickland had dream of painting when he was very small. At his time, the values of  man are measured in terms of money. His father said that there was no money in art and obligedhim to do business. Obeying his father’s speech, Stric kland became a prosperous stockbroker. He owns a happy family and good social status.Strickland does not satisfy with the current life. He feels the life is so boring and not meaningful. After 40 years, the dream of childhood stillobsesses him and wins other things. It seems that the man is cut for painting. At the age of 40,after many years of empty soul, he realizes clearly what he wants, what is important to his life. Panting is the job which he really wishes to do and  succeed. 2. 2 Strickland understands the rotten society and he is very brave man who sacrifices for the real art   When Strickland abandons his wife and spends all the rest of life for painting, many peoplewould think he is not usual.His action is different from the normal people in society. In the  bourgeois society, money is highly appreciated and most of people live for money. They supposethat there is no money in art and artists are not highly evaluated in social order. In contrary,Strickland can give up everything to pursue art. Strickland wishes to paint because of true  passion, but not for money. He never sold a single picture and he was never satisfied with whathe had done. In the end, Strickland obliged his wife to burn all his picture and house so that allhis products are not survived for commercial purpose.He has the great art concept and is acourageous man who devotes everything to art. With the endowed talent and passion, Strickland creates the wonderful pictures which containthe great content and perfect beauty. Strickland can go anywhere to find inspiration for his  picture. He decides to move from London to Paris, after that he came to Tahiti and live in aforest. Strickland is in search of a world of his own. When he contracts leprosy, he still draws. As he becomes blind, he continues painting until he died. Strickland is worth to  be great and realartist. 3. Conclusion For Strickland’s family, he is a bad father and husband.In term of the normal concepts in the society, Strickland is considered to be a selfish person who can abandon all important things to  pursue his own passion. Strickland is a real artist  and brave man in bourgeois society. He abandons all the normal thingsincluding family, money, social status, moral values to sacrifice for the real art. With deep enthusiasms, Strickland creates the great product and paints until his the last breaths. Hesupposes that the true art should not be contaminated by the commercial world of money. He isthe typical artist who can scarify for the  real art in the bourgeois society. Some comments:This is a fictionalized account of the life of artist Paul Gaugin. It's the best fictionalized biography I've ever read. From the moment I learned he's left his wife and children to the death of his mistress, I've been captivated by this intense personality. I'm reminded of Steve Jobs, a heartless man obsessed by work, by a vision. But the most interesting thing so far is the art itself. Th e narrator, a writer, admits that the first time he sees â€Å"Charles Strickland's† paintings, he's disappointed. The oranges are swollen and lopsided. He doesn't have the craftsmanship of the old masters. (And no wonder. He's only been painting for five years. Yet he says to himself, it's because it's a new style. This is key. Would anything ever make it in art if it weren't new? It goes through a couple of stages. Total rejection, then wild acclaim. The narrator is disappointed in himself for not recognizing genius. Only later, after he's seen these works in museums, acclaimed by others, is he able to recognize the hand of a master. It brings to mind Tom Wolfe's â€Å"The Painted Word. † Nothing is art until a story makes it so. And yet†¦ A major character in â€Å"The Moon and Sixpence† is a hackneyed artist who has great technical skill yet paints for the vulgar masses, making a comfortable living.He sees the genius of Gaugin (or in this case â€Å"Ch arles Strickland†) as no one does. He tries to get dealers to take the works though Strickland is uninterested in selling them. This character is the polar opposite of Strickland. He thinks only of others. If it weren't for him, Strickland would have died. Yet he gets no respect. He's other-directed in a world where the inner-directed rule. Yet he's a great judge of art. I can't help concluding that nearly every new style offers something, however turned off we may be initially. But I still prefer representational work to most modern art. The Right TimeThere are some books that walk into your life at an opportune time. I'm talking about the books that send a pleasant shiver down your spine laden with â€Å"Man, this is meant to be! † as you flip through its pages cursorily. Or those that upon completion, demand an exclamation from every book-reading fibre of your body to the effect of â€Å"There couldn't have been a better time for me to have read this book! † N ow, I come from deferred-gratification stock. So books like these, you don't read immediately,. You let them sit there on your table for a while. You bask in the warm expectant glow of a life-altering read.You glance at the book as you make your way to office, take pleasure in the fact that it'll be right there on your table when you open the front-door wearily, waiting to be opened, caressed, reveled in. And when that moment of reckoning arrives, you don't stop, you plunge yourself straight into the book, white-hot passionate. The Moon and Sixpence was just that kind of a book for me. I had just completed (and thoroughly enjoyed) a course on Modern Art in college and could rattle off the names of Impressionist painters faster than I could the Indian cricket team.I was particularly intrigued by Paul Gauguin, a French Post-Impressionist painter, after reading one of his disturbingly direct quotes. â€Å"Civilization is what makes me sick†, he proclaimed, and huddled off to Tah iti to escape Europe and â€Å"all that is artificial and conventional†, leaving behind a wife and five children to fend for themselves, never to make contact with them again. This struck me as the ultimate expression of individuality, a resounding slap to the judgmental face of conservative society, an escapist act of repugnant selfishness that could only be justified by immeasurable artistic talent, genius, some may call it.My imagination was tickled beyond measure and when I discovered there was a novel by W. Somerset Maugham (the author of The Razor's Edge no less! ) based on Gauguin, my joy knew no bounds. I was in the correct frame of mind to read about the life of a stockbroker who gave up on the trivial pleasures of bourgeois life for the penury and hard life of an aspiring painter without considering him ridiculous or vain. Supplied with the appropriate proportions of awe that is due to a genius protagonist, I began reading the book. I have to admit I expected a whol e lot from it.I had a voyeuristic curiosity to delve into the head of a certified genius. I was even more curious to see how Maugham had executed it. At the same time, I was hoping that the book would raise and answer important questions concerning the nature of art and about what drives an artist to madness and greatness. The Book The book's title is taken from a review of Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet. † I admired Maugham's narrative voice.In his inimitable style, he flits in and out of the characters' life as the stolid, immovable writer who is a mere observer, and nothing more. His narrator defies Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as in observing his characters, he doesn't change their lives or nature one bit. He has a mild disdain for the ordinary life of a householder and relishes his independence. â€Å"I pictured their lives, troubled by no untoward adventure, honest, decent, and, by reason of these two upstanding, pleasant children, so obviously destined to carry on the normal traditions of their race and station, not without significance.They would grow old insensibly; they would see their son and daughter come to years of reason, marry in due course – the one a peretty girl, future mother of healthy children; the other a handsome, manly fellow, obviously a soldier; and at last, prosperous in their dignified retirement, beloved by their descendants, after a happy, not unuseful life, in the fullness of their age they would sink into the grave. That must be the story of innumerable couples, and the patter of life it offers has a homely grace.It reminds you of a placid rivulet, meandering smoothly through green pastures and shaded by pleasant trees, till at last it falls into the vasty sea; but the sea is so calm, so silent, so indifferent, that you are troubled suddenly by a vague uneasiness. Perhaps it is only a kink in my nature, strong in me even in those days, that I felt in such an existence, the share of the great majority, something amiss. I recognized its social value. I saw its ordered happiness, but a fever in my blood asked for a wilder course. There seemed to me something alarming in such easy delights.In my heart was a desire to live more dangerously. I was not unprepared for jagged rocks and treacherous shoals if I could only have change – change and the excitement of the unforeseen. † In Maugham's hands, Gauguin becomes Charles Strickland, an unassuming British stockbroker, with a secret unquenchable lust for beauty that he is willing to take to the end of the world, first to Paris and then to remote Tahiti. He is cold, selfish and uncompromising in this quest for beauty. â€Å"The passion that held Strickland was a passion to create beauty. It gave him no peace. It urged him hither and thither.He was eternally a pilgrim, haunted by a divine nostalgia, an d the demon within him was ruthless. There are men whose desire for truth is so great that to attain it they will shatter the very foundation of their world. Of such was Strickland, only beauty with him took the place of truth. I could only feel for him a profound compassion. † However words such as these serve to romanticize Strickland's actions which at first glance, remain despicable. (view spoiler)Maugham paints him as a rogue loner, an unfathomable apparition, compelled to inhuman acts by the divine tyranny of art. He lived more poorly than an artisan. He worked harder. He cared nothing for those things which with most people make life gracious and beautiful. He was indifferent to money. He cared nothing about fame. You cannot praise him because he resisted the temptation to make any of those compromises with the world which most of us yield to. He had no such temptation. It never entered his head that compromise was possible. He lived in Paris more lonely than an anchori te in the deserts of Thebes. He asked nothing from his fellows except that they should leave him alone.He was single-hearted in his aim, and to pursue it he was willing to sacrifice not only himself – many can do that – but others. He had a vision. Strickland was an odious man, but I still think he was a great one. † In these beautiful words he describes Strickland's strange homelessness and suggests a reason for his subsequent escape to Tahiti. â€Å"I have an idea that some men are born out of their due place. Accident has cast them amid strange surroundings, but they have always a nostalgia for a home they know not.They are strangers in their birthplace, and the leafy lanes they have known from childhood or the populous streets in which they have played, remain but a place of passage. They may spend their whole lives aliens among their kindred and remain aloof among the only scenes they have ever known. Perhaps it is this sense of strangeness that sends men f ar and wide in the search for something permanent, to which they may attach themselves. Perhaps some deep-rooted atavism urges the wanderer back to lands which his ancestors left in the dim beginnings of history. Sometimes a man hits upon a place to which he mysteriously feels he belongs.Here is the home he sought, and he will settle amid scnes that he has never seen before, among men he has never known, as though they were familiar to him from his birth. Here at last he finds rest. † By the end of the book, Maugham's narrator somewhat loses his grip over the reader and I could picture him in my mind floundering around the island of Tahiti, interviewing the people who came in contact with Strickland, trying to piece together a story. He finds himself in the â€Å"position of the biologist, who has to figure out from a bone, not only a creature's body, but also its habits. The reader is promised the ineffable, a study of genius and is only delivered an admission of its elusive nature. Also the tone of the novel tends to get slightly misogynistic in places. But I suppose that is more a failing of the protagonist rather than the author. As compensation, Maugham offers delicious crisp cookies of wisdom throughout. In simple lyrical language, he penetrates to the core of the human condition and offers invaluable advice to the aspiring writer, the hopeful lover and the wannabe genius.For its unpretentious, sympathetic and humane portrayal of a deeply flawed protagonist, its quotable quotes and its ironic humour, this book shall rank as my one of my favourite books on the life and development of an artist in search of the unknowable. My Master Maugham I strongly believe that the adjectives one throws around are a barometer of one's sensitivity or at the minimum, one's desire to be accurate. Both of these qualities are indispensable to the aspiring writer because honestly, what is there to writing exceptfresh verbs, evocative adjectives, searing honesty and an unbounded imagination.Also, that it's easier said than done. In this context, there are moments when I feel utterly stupid and unimaginative. My inner monologues resemble the chatter of teenage girls in their lack of content and use of worn-out adjectives. I mean, awesome and amazing, like seriously? Bleeuurghh!! During such exasperating times, my inner world aches to devour a mouthful of good-looking words in the Queen's English. I head to my dusty book-closet and roughly displace its contents until I find a book either by one of the barons of British literature, a W. Somerset Maugham/PG Wodehouse or a laid-back satire along the lines of Yes Minister.The book usually serves its purpose admirably. It manages to extract me from my predicament by either making me split my sides laughing or by drowning me in a stream of sentences so beautifully constructed that I completely forget my insecurities and start shaking my head ponderously at the writer's virtuosity instead. Coming to the to pic of the writer himself, W. Somerset Maugham is one of my favourite writers in the English language. Being an aspiring writer who's yet to find his voice myself, his novels never fail to stab me with a hopeful optimism. My premature belief, that I can write well, is reinforced when I read Maugham.He never intimidates me or bores me, commonplace sins many writers will have to go to confession for. While reading his prose, he possesses the singular ability of making the difficult art of writing seem pretty doable. This, I've realized with the passing of time, is due to one simple reason. It is because W. Somerset Maugham never shows off! Never! Never does he ramble pointlessly. Never does he merely graze the point instead of hitting it fair and square because he was too busy fooling around with the language. Never! He hits bulls eye with eloquence and a kind of frugal, flowing lyricism.There is always a single-minded purpose behind his writings. It is to spin a mighty good yarn by g etting the point across without making his readers consult a dictionary. He even propounds profundity in a manner that typically makes me re-read the paragraph(and underline it) to admire the economy and ease with which the thought was expressed in words. I find the writing styles of Hemingway and Maugham similar in form, but while Hemingway's writing is austere to the point of being skeletal, Maugham clothes his words until they can be considered passably pretty.For his remarkable abilities, Maugham's opinions about his own writing were always modest. He believed he stood  Ã¢â‚¬Å"in the very first row of the second-raters. †Ã‚  Asked about his method of writing, he simplified it to a matter of keen observation and honest reproduction. â€Å"†Most people cannot see anything,†Ã‚  he once said,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"but I can see what is in front of my nose with extreme clearness; the greatest writers can see through a brick wall. My vision is not so penetrating. † My f avourite excerpts Advice to aspiring writers I forget who it was that recommended men for their soul's good to do each day two things they disliked: it was a wise man, and it is a precept that I have followed scrupulously; for every day I have got up and I have gone to bed. But there is in my nature a strain of asceticism, and I have subjected my flesh each week to a more severe mortification. I have never failed to read the Literary Supplement of The Times. It is a salutary discipline to consider the vast number of books that are written, the fair hopes with which their authors see them published, and the fate which awaits them.What chance is there that any book will make its way among that multitude? And the successful books are but the successes of a season. Heaven knows what pains the author has been at, what bitter experiences he has endured and what heartache suffered, to give some chance reader a few hours relaxation or to while away the tedium of a journey. And if I may judg e from the reviews, many of these book are well and carefully written; much thought has gone to their composition; to some even has been given the anxious labour of a lifetime.The moral I draw is that the writer should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work and in release from the burden of his thoughts; and indifferent to aught else, care nothing for praise or censure, failure or success. † â€Å"Until long habit has blunted the sensibility, there is something disconcerting to the writer in the instinct which causes him to take an interest in the singularities of human nature so absorbing that his moral sense is powerless against it.He recognizes in himself an artistic satisfaction in the contemplation of evil which a little startles him but sincerity forces him to confess that the disapproval he feels for certain actions is not nearly so strong as his curiosity in their reasons. The writer is more concerned to know than to judge. † On the ironic humour of life â €Å"Dirk Stroeve was one of those unlucky persons whose most sincere emotions are ridiculous. † On the nature of art â€Å"Why should you think that beauty, which is the most precious thing in the world, lies like a stone on the beach for the careless passer-by to pick up idly?Beauty is something wonderful and strange that the artist fashions out of the chaos of the world in the torment of his soul. And when he has made it, it is not given to all to know it. To recognize it you must repeat the adventure of the artist. It is a melody he sings to you, and to hear it again in your own heart you want knowledge and sensitiveness and imagination. † B? kh? n kh? ? nha c? a chu c? a minh va ? tru? ng, chang trai Maugham b? t d? u phat tri? n m? t cai tai kheo dua ra nh? ng nh? n xet gay t? n thuong cho nh? ng ngu? i ma c? u khong ua. Cai tai nay doi khi du? c ph? n anh trong cac nhan v? t van h? c c? a Maugham